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1 
¶࣬ѹ 
⽭ĴڣһЩ£˽ 
ǸʲôøʲôŽԹͽѪӰɱذ޹Ⱑд˵ԭ򡭡ȻΪʲôŵ̰ͽǸʲôõŸˡ 
ĳʲôĳʲô¥ΪĳŮ֣֮ԼϽ֮۵ĵطپƴƴ֮ʣǸŮǼ޸ĳүˡ 
أеĽⶼó̸ĵġ 
˵ɣĻĪҪ̸ΪɶΪǱŤ˵ǵĻ붼֪һᱻٸؤΧˮйͨûӱʹ˵ûɡܺ˭ؤû˳Ƿ̼Ҳ꣡򹷹ң 
ؤϾǴ˵еɣ˰˭ʶκεطŵлµڶɵϵĹͷмҲˡҲ׼˺£ΪŵͽϲţڲݺȲͨͷ·¸ûɶ𡣵ֻҲͲԼզġ 
ƫƫֽ񽭺໰ľš 
ǲͣʵӲţħĵͣ˵ͷɣħԭͼеһ֮Ƶؤ˫սħͷһˣؤİ˴ֻһܻһһһ㡣λ·ΡΡϰȻ˵һ޴Ӳ˻ǿӰ֮λ˾֮ģ·ˣСֻ֪ˣÿÿȨ֮µĻ⡣ 
ؤУȴ洦ɼԵ͵ֻܴ࣬Ӳʱʧͽ˿У²ڲΪҡΪ֪֪ĺôҶаѱɸȤвЩΪͷʬžЩ֮ͽ³ 
ƫƫ˼󵨡 
ǲ 

˵ˣ 
ģ 
Ƥ״ڳС弣붼Ѿ˵ĲˮҲ֪˶õİѻƵˡ 
ֵۣ˵ϳǶ˸ˡ 
ֻС֣ 
ֻ֣־͹Ǹ˻¶ڻѪˮˣôĶҩ˭ĳ 
ѽ˵ҲǡǶⲻͦ˵ŵ˻ûԶģ 
סһһֻƫƧСݳ֮⣬ԶһһͨͨĿˣһڵϿͷô˶׼ţǱһڶԷϣֵ˵ɶҲ£ǺǡȲȲ裡 
ˮڱ͵ߡ 
ڿͷͻȻһߣʣİͷ๾ıĵ¡ѽҵͷæ׷˹ȥ£ȴΪڴ³ӶƵ˶ϵĲ룬Ĳˮһء 
ؤʲôһѾסõ½˼ŭΪֻع 
˿Ѿȱ˵İͷЦ˵ֵܱҰĲˣҲҵͷˣҳƽɺã 
ǰⲻ𣡳ؤ 
δɢϵЦݣϰ˺ֵܼȻϰݣҴֵܵϵŵǸ磿 
һԵҴһȻڵȴ׳֮ˣؤӣæͬ飬С˵ֵܣǻǲҪˡ¾Ĵؤȥլӡ 
һ˦½֣˼ͭǮﳤȥ 
ʧıӰѵϱɱͷĸɾ೾ٶζĿ 
¡ͻȻ֪ﴫıԽůĳٶȱ 
ͳ˿ţһȸּڷ֮˵Ҳ˾˵ 
ڵϵƺûЦĿɽ亣ζͷ޷Ӧ 
ˮʪĵͻȻһִַĶ򼣬ֻһһ˲һյĹССˮ˴ССʮܶݵĶ򼣬ƴʳһĲˮ 


ݣ˵ǽҲΪ 
ϸϸĲũָ֯ͷ׵ͼþݽֵ˿ۻҡ 
̯λǻˣϰѸλһ˴󲿷ֵĿˣͬȻΪʵǲݣϰ̨֪˭Ҳκβ 
Ưֹ֯ϸ°ϧߺŵĻƽеĿڸϰıֻüҪƵɤ·˵ע⡣ 
һ·˳ɹı˹ 
ڹ̨ϰ˵Ǹۣϵ۹ȴһġû©ƽĴòͨϵһ֪ǼֵƵİ籽ʺϹֺõЦӭȥλ͹٣Щʲôأ 
Ŀûκα飬Ҳûлش˵һ˫Ŀɨ̨չʾĲƥȻָָһƥ 
һĻϰüЦ͹۹СĻƽôʶһ㣬һƥʮӣĻ˶üͷⲻſ 
ּۻ۶ʣˣͰһƱ˹ȥ 
ЦͶϲ£ϰҪӹƱȴͻȻ鵽ǿ˵ֱͬӨ󻬵ţ̰ѩףƽŮֻҪƯϰٱʱһͷʺڸסֱ˲䣬ȴ˸ա 
Ʊڹ̨ϣƥǿʧˡ 
ϰϧ̾˿ҪȥƱͻȻһкãкãʩǮɣ 
ϰװͰ͵Ǹ֪ 
кðɣϰ壡ѾöûгԶˡ 
۾ƱţϾҪƱ 
ȵȰϰ壬ҿɲöƱ 
ꡣʲôֵǮĶϰ岻мش˻õ 
ֻӻͳһƬСĽҶӣЦʵϰ壬ƬҶӺƯŶԼ񵽵ģ֪ɲԻǮأ 
ףϰæϵĽҶӣһҧ֪æðɣ̨ϵǮʩˣ 
ллϰ壡˿ƲСĽ̨Ʊò뻳УŴҴ뿪̡ 
ϲصϰԽҶӼһתȥʱһһССķλһֻֻɫĶ֩롭ǸղŷƱĵط 


߳ݳǵߵŸƵ˼ 
һûǮҲǰ״Ƥ顣 
ƫƫǰ· 
һӰͬɵƮ赲ȥ· 
¶ؿˣЦ㲻Ұɣûİ 
㱻ᱡ˳ϸ۶ϵָָסƱš 
ʲô˼㲻˵ôףµǰǸԼߴľӣò۾´ŶԷȻЦҮָѩѩףҲѩѩ׵ģΪʲôǺڻɫأ 
ľޱȻһ˿Ҳδ˫˪ѷ˵ĺ 
ЦţͻȻԤ׵ڵأʬûκβڵϣû˾ֵĻŻɴķϰɣ 
뿪˺Ȼע⵽¶һ㶫ֲժ·Ұݼ˳һԥһ£ƺָı⡣ 
Ȼ񿸲㽫ڼϣĳȥ 
ʼձľɵͻȻ䶯һ£޷ૡ 
áء 


ߴŶ 
һȻ㳤ҲǵһůϣϸޱԴӲеͷҮ 
Ȼװûһ£оϵ˸оҲֻ۾ˡ 
ϵĻ˫ľ˶ٴӶܶ˵۾Żƺڵľû˿ı顣ȫڴϵǸжߣ׾ 
̾˿Цλ̨̧֪Сܵкιأ 
ڴߵһһ̲ݾϡ 
ƯŶѩƣϸϸ·֯ϸǶĻưЩ˿ˮ 
ƺΪǽ̲ݣֵǰЩ 
ȥ˴ģ·Ҫȷĳ̶ȡ 
ɲǼ䣬˸оĺ 
ǲֲݰ 
΢ȥһ㣬æȴҿԴȥҰ 
ƺеԥűǴ֮Լȥҡ 
ûҴ·ĻҲģһغصĵط 
֮ģֻõ˵ͷ 
ͷӦʣǸˣʱȵЦҽȻµڶգȻĺȻˣɶְ 
ƺûлشĴ㣬׷ĵԽԽ£ƶᣬѭѭգҴȥҶҲҪ·ˣֶ𣿡 
˶һ£ΪҪֵʱͻȻһǰ 
ҲҪ뿴һͬеģʲôû취㰡ѵÿζι𣿡 
˺ԥĵ˵ͷûѪ³ 
ľٶǹĹģǵһԼʵأ 
Ȥ̫Ȥˣ 













2 
Ȼǳûаڲƽ£ֻҪһЦƤһĥûʲô¿ѵ 
ɽϵȴǸľͷĹˣһοӣϵرҲӷĹˡƫƫ˾ǲǣĬĬԼ·еʱȻԼ߸˻ǹģ˵ 
ιιιɲЪһ°Ҷڿˡ 
˵˰ĻܲڿȻûһƨڵϲˡ 
ҲûǿֻǾվһԣЪϢ 
ͣȻƤЦ˵ιڲڿʰ 
˲ÿɷֻǱϾ˴·ҲûȹһˮҲǺˡ 
һȻһߵ˻ƳγεĴӣ˴ߡ 
ֳɵˮĻŹһֽţǺǡҵģȻһɵȥ˹ͲߣֽѾ 
ѿǸֻ֣˫һ̽˳ȥһ˫׼ȷѡ˹ڻһǼõ·ǳһš 
ջ֮Ųæ˸Բ˹ϸϸ˺Ƥ֭Ĺⶪдʱòľ׽ѽǺúóŶ˿˿պ͸ˣúóԣľޱˣժһ˹ڿлΰεĺأĲҪ𣿶ϧָңҾԣ 
ƺһ㷴Ӧ̧ͷ˿Ȼ 
ȻˣʱüЦһ̱Ϻˡ 
ֻһӣϯ۶ϡҲӸ˹һֱ档˵ڿͨһתʱպý͸׹ص˹˻ӵƺûйǰãأһֱֱڵϣһҳ 
أѽ۰֪ǲǹͷ˰ۺۺۺۺۣ 
ÿŵĲҽҲκ˵ͬģȻ⡣յ˸ӣȫڵϴˣļһվǶϸ 
ûͬĵġЧȻֻˤ˵ƨɶŷָղŲؿڵǶ˹类ѹɹ֭࣬Һմһѽ𤡭ϵﱾ࣬ȾϻƻƵ֭ˮݵȴƺûϴĴ㡣 
õĹⶪڵϣкǸ˵Ϣˣ߰ɣ 
漴ȥ 

ȾļůϳʪĿȻϱɿڵĹ֭ˮʼɢζ 
ƫƫԼ⣬ĵŵݹҡС 
ؤôŰˣ 
Զ㣬𿿹 
ףؤóŶ 
ɾӵ۹ԣͬضȻȴȫûӦƺЩϰΪЦΡ 
Ȼ㣡м󵨵˴ҪѬؤ 
ںˣ촽ƺһ¡ 
ۣҪҪȻͻȻܺµӣ˵Ⱦܡ 
ߣߵÿ죡Ǽ˶Ķ˵ıӰ 
ɵע⵽ϵͻȻǧ䶯ʬ棬֣¼֮˵쳹 
Ȼ˲ԶͷȺû׷˿ȻЦҪô 
ûлشֻ̧ͷ˿ߵǼջ 
ףҪסⰡȻ˸ǷɫҲƻ裬Ǻðɣ㣡˵תҪߡ 
ɫ˲䵲סȥ· 
ﰡعͷȥֶ˫ܲƵƯ۾Ȼ˼ûܸһס 
ѩ׵ִӻͳһ˿۾Ʊ 
ɲɣؤҮסջɻ˹ء 
ľɵıûб䣬¶һ˿ƳŪ顣 
Ȼֻ̧ͶұͲʲôѭ浸صˣһȥɣ 
ӭ⡭ƹĻû˵׻ӾŵĵĳζŻ³ؤʲôҪĵˮͰԼң 
ȻһЦҡڵ߹ȥƹΪϵζ˺ŵҽɲҪס꣬ס갡 
סꣿƹӣһۣһؤһͨˣ㹷ۿ˵ͣǮ𣿺ߡУСҲкλүһݣŪҵķǿⲻ𣡡 
Ȼعȥʼ磬ʾΪֻһסˣˣ 
˵ʩȻ߳ջſڡ 
˲һֻеĿͷͻȻȻһȺǱĿ񱻺ˮ׷˳ 
˸ȻһʩȻŲӴݵ߳ջ 
Ȼ˿ˣ̧ͷ˿ɫ̾˿ֻ¶ˡ 


ȻȻǸְؤ 
֪Ūʯ骲ݣĸɲ̵һʯѺ棬ԶɽϪˮԴܷ㣬Ҳܳһд⡣ڴǰĻϣβ㣬ԱߵİŽҶϻһʵ÷ӡ 
ֻǾһԣͬСϱææתͣ 
Ӧÿˣü֦ס⣬ŵ͸ζһ֮Ϊ̾úóԣҹȻǸ⿵ţ 
ȻߵˣЦ˰ɣŶҪҪ԰ǺǡҪԵĻ 
û˵յ˵˴ӻͳԹԵĿ 
ûղɣȻֻЦֻ˵˵Ц⣡һҲԲģ 
ҲŤӹĿ㣬Ÿȥ 
Ȼȫûб飬ӦǳԵúζȻȻɱ羰ʵι㿴ͳԣҲ¶ 
ûͣ£ķڵ棬е˫۾Ե¶һ䣺ġ 
Ȼ˿Էǰһ˿ǣԱԼǰ߰Ұй⣬ߵ͡ 
꣬èеôʲô 
ппСؽѱߵĿһɨ⣬ȻʬҰͷ 
Ȼ˸žવĸɲݶϡ 
ȴһѽԴ鲼סǰߡ 
ʲôȻҲԼСϪߣˮŴеҲҪϴؤҮϴɾ˾ͲؤˣҪҲҪϴ裡 
벻һ˾ȻСӰˣҪϴ裬ͲûڵϹˡ 
ĹǷԸ⣬һѾͽɽϪС 
켴ʹůɽϪȴɽѩ֮ˮǲڻ¡ȻȻȥǱȴȫûη֮ɫվڼϪˮͼҲҪϴϴˣɲԲϴ 
վϪߵȻһ仰Ҳû˵ϵĺԸκˣȻҾôĻһŰ߻ȥ 
Ҳû˵ϴҲҪǿȱ˵ġ 
ÿԴһˮ¿ѵϰȻЩϪˮĴϡ 
һ֪ӦһϪһҶӸʵžصȻߵˮϡ 
ȻһƬ˿ͲԾСԹҪ԰鷳ʹǲΥ˵˼ŬҶӴ갡ϴ֪˶ӵ۹ϴøɸɾ 
𽥸ɾˣҲټת뿪 
ιιιȱ߰ 
ѵõͣ˽Ųת 
Ȼˮ߽ߣ˫ıϪˮкһϴòʾˣһʼΪ۹ڸӢòõ˿ϸͷٻһ»һ۵Ľ 
˰۾ٶ´ǰ 
ûؤеǿı۰Ȼǧ̲ը 
ˣⲻ򵥡 
ȻûĹǰ˼Ϫˮ½£Ϫˮ޵ĲλëëݲͰ븡ˮ浴ȥ 
ûģ˾ԴѪҺڵĸо 
㣬˭ 
¹£ 
ȻôԶ·Ǵһδ㻹Ϊǻþ 
ҰҲȻϱֻһұ޷ֺŶ 
ƺʣֻվǶȴĴ𰸡 
ðɺðɡȻ֪޷ֻʵϣؤ޴Ϊֵ̫ܰܵĻӭԱϳûطȥȻ㣬ԡǺǡ֮Ҳ֪ˡ 
۵ʹƺ˼ĻǷš 
Ȼ֪¹Ҳ棬˷ΪĻ˼ѵõΣæ㲻ϲҸţմȥɽҵֲ֮ϾߡӵġĻǰ㱯Сڱʵͬ顣ȻǰûпˮϵӰűɽƻЦ 
̡ 
Ц࣬Ͼ׹ˣӦҸˣ̫ˣ 
ԼҲԼϪˮУȻ˷ܵıȻּžવˮУˮ 
ľȻϣ۽ǵĲλԼԼһ·ˡ 


Ȼļ֣ϴøɸɾǴǼûϴ·ôôǸؤش· 
˴·̣ڵһССɽȡ 
վڹȿڣһ۸һôôĲ弣Ȼһ²Զʿɼݳ¥ 
ǡǺǡǸȻЦúǿΪ߶ݳһȦʵ¶ˡ 
ƺû׷Ĵ㣬Ŀע⵽ɽɽҰ̲ݡ 
ɽȰʯ֮󣬺ѱ˷֣̲ʮïʢ 
ע⵽¶緢ϡصĹâȻ̲סҫżȻֵģƯɣ 
ɫĲݼżһĳɫֱ̱ժһ컨䣬һ֮о׽Ȼĵ˵ͷ 
ܺó𣿡Ȼչȥ¶ı飬Ҫȥɻԡ 
žһ߶ûͱ̵ĵˡ 
𰡣ΪʲôܳҲܳ԰صһۣ˻ȥ 
ðɺðɣԺҪסԲԸļһ 
˻ԵĺȻûκα飬ɵĶϾ֪쳣졣 
˼ñȽҩݣȻȥ֦ҶϸܲСĸϸطŽһɫĿڴС 
ŶԭõĲҩȻĶһԣռҩݣף״ѵǡŶŶһˣ 
ժ㹻ҩݣպ˿ڴ 
Ȼ̧ͷ˿ĺɫеݳǣ˵ܸϲˡǲڳĿջ˯ɣ 
̲ÿɷ񣬶ȻҲϰ̬ȣͨ´඼ǱʾӦʵˡ 
һΪصĿջҶεϰﲢûΪȻܾ˵Ͷޡ 
ѵõĿλϰ¶Цݣк˻źλˡ 
СߵĶˣ͹٣ҪЩʲôˣ 
Էʵ۴󣬲ǵÿ˵ɫɣȻ̣ľޱȫûе˵Ĵ㣬ֻԸˡ 
׷ţ⣬һ׸ɣţڳС˰ɣ 
ϣ 
С뿪ȻЦ𣿡 
ĵ˵ͷǱʾûϵ 
ι˵ӡ۰һɣȻЦȻܺǴ˰ô̫Ťˡ硭ҽӣɺã 
ѵõְһɣȻȻôߵؽӣаҲԽҺȻŶнп 
Ȼɭɭ΢΢䶯촽еëȻȻƺ⣬һڴԷеĺǷ뵱ưͣ 
ءҲҲ룡ȻæסͣͷеģҡͷʾԼԲٶ˵ 
ʱСưѲָָָϵķѯԳ̵ͷԳˡ 
ȻȻƺѯҪҪȾƣҡҡͷʾá 
ٺȻ˴׷ѯɲԣ̺ݺݵصһ۸ԵĻ͵ 
˾Իٷ 















3 
峿ĳ˴СеȫĴ˯ѹ 
ûƺΪʱء 
Ȼϰʵ̫˼ˡ 
Ʋ⣬̴ϰεͷͭģĵӰһѩ׵ѩ׵ĲӣȻԣŻƻƺںڵʮֲơԼƤŮһɫӰ𪣬ݵʱܱϸĵ˿پµƤҲ޷ģƤɫϰһԼƤ 
ӣ𣿡 
޼ɵ⴫ 
˵Ϊ˾Ȼܼ񳿵̫ʵһ漣漣ģƫƫĪԼ 
ȻֻСһࡣ 
صΪ㰾Ƶ࣡һҪȹŶ 
ŵҩζٸвס 
ʲ¶ȵʱ⡣ 
۾Ȼϣʢ롣 
³ޣ 
Աߣδȥȡࡣ 
ȻԹԵǰ룬ͺĴȥؽȻſ̣ôȰܺúȵŶһϰҪ˷Žȥأ˵Լһ롣 
ۿһ඼ȻĶˣǱż͡ 
ˣǺܶϷ϶Ǹɵϣ 
룬һڣ˵ʲôࣿ 
˵ȻҫúȰɣǹص˲Ŷ 
ֺһڣѵʣδӺ 
ǺǡǸɽȿΪҲ֪һǲݵĸ֪˲ˣ˼࿩ô࣬ʲôϵ 
ӣ̰ȫ£ŵǲ˲Ρ 
һһ£ȻסˣȻʲô״ǰ˵˵ͻȻоԴеκģŻµĸо֮ŻŻöģŻô°ŻܿƵĳ鴤 
赹֮ǰ̳ 
ҹ 
Ȼȵ׹ڰ֮С 


ڴߣȻĺת೤޴󰭡 
̿˿ԷϵĹ룬Ρ 
ȻһʼȷʵлɹͼԼڷӣǸҩɵϡҺҹֻѰҩ޴֮񣬰ҩԴȻܰȻ 
ߵš΢ŮͻȻӴ⴫ 
΢ԥһ£ַȻ˯Ѩŵ 
欿ǽŮ˵ĴʣֻŮ΢Դģϵθ֣˵ðǻȴ̵ǰϥ 
ţﵢ˺Щˣٲ߿¡ 
ʷֻ㹻ŮӾɵزѡ? 
²Ҷ죬ֻɵֿʼͼŲڵʱ򡭡 
Һˡ 
֪ʷίص˴֮һۡɲûƼǸһʲô£ȻѶҹ˲࣬ţͱʬˡ 
ע⵽ƵһӣڴϵıɳסϵȻ 
ʶıʷ𾪵ſڽؿǸĹֲ̡ѵ˵ϵǣŵ˼ 
ûĻ죬һΪŵ㣬һͱذɣ 
˵۵׸ֳɱ⡣ 
ȻһţӲ˫ۡ 
˴˷ֺ÷䡣 
ǡŵ㣡ʱ˿̣ȻѰҲֻӣ֮ 
ʷӦʶȥֻ̾ϢȻֵòʱ 
ָƽʷҲɢȥվڴߣٴС 
ǺκˣһֻбԼоµĸо 
ڸղţ΢һ뵽ʷ΢ɱ⣬µڶ΢뿪ֻܿȻʬ塣оͬ׵缯еʹǰйǧֶҲ޷ʹ 
ʲôʹҲܡֻǣ֪ܡ 
ԣȻ 
ֻĸ֮ЧʵϣȷʵͬɶҡſҲƲסɵҰļҡźܿǾͻ֪ԼȻˣìͷָ 
ܺΪԼӦߣܾųֻ᲻ͬɡĻڵȻһĻ޷ƤЦ޷뷳˵Ļȴָоֵʹ 
ҡδ㯵Դìܡ 
ǰɴϵȫ֪˵ĻңǺ˯ڳŪ˵Ѱա 
ͥӢͦüëԾĽë߸ߵıӣʵ촽ݣֻ֪һ˹Ŀ˲ǾƤЦ΢жߵķ 
ƻƵƤǲλһ˿춯ббŲһ㡣 
 
˭ 
ǣԼ 


ƽΪʲôû£ҾжҪȿҩ 
ڴϵȻˣĿеҩ롣 
ʢ˺ںҩ֭һž֪ȶҩѺȣأ֪ԼͲʲô˲Σ汳 
ƶҩҩ֭𽥿ֹԹ԰ʹҪȿҩʹˡ 
Ȼ֮ 
Ҳȣ 
ּᶨȭʾģЦСûȹŨֺڵҩ֭Ϊ˲úֿҩŬðģѾ겻 
Էѵʾ˵Щסҩ̶ڰС 
ҲҪܿĲɲԲȰȻʹΪľǲúҩ 
ࡣ˵ 
ƭˣôڵҩôܲడƭƭƭˣ 
иʲݡ 
ģʲݰ˵ĲҮȻ̵֣ҩһСڣȻǺܿ໹е𣬱㹾๾ȥúúȣûаȫǸղԼôˣҪȣҩˡ 
Ȼж 
ǲҪˡ´εĽⶾҩǿġȻе㷢㶵Ŀҩ뿪ӰͻȻ뵽ЩʲôӣҼҩģأáøжŶһһжͼ 
̶һ½Ųûлͷϰ塣 
ôֱӰ˻𡭡Ȼ죬һ˾ȻΪԵеɰȻٶ뵽ЩʲôǸʲŽȥ˰ɣ֪³Կҩصؼ˸ʲݣҺøжøжŶһһһжͼ 
ʲһζҩ 
ιӣҲ΢һ·òðֲһ⡭ 
Ѿߵſڵûٴ뿪ˡ 
ϵȻһЦ쳤ָͷŬҩҽⶾιҳҩǺǡʱӢϸֳƻøûɶı飬׬׬ˣǺǡ 


屾ͽȻֻϢһ´? 
Ŷ˸ջ 
ֻջ֮ͣһܻĴһ׵ֺվڳԱ߲쿴̡ 
ӣڸ𣿡˹ȥ 
ǳһؤ˹ɫԲãҪˣȴǰλһֱɵĴתͷ˿û֨໥ʶġ㲻Σֺõػشλүҵڿ 
ףӣҪ𣿡 
̵˵ͷʾȷʵˡ 
ǰɣ⳵Ӽֱ͸ҺǮҰɣ·ߣ鷳ġ 
±٣ 
֮ʬҰȻ˵߲쿴˳ӵ֣ó⳵õϵȳľÿߣܲԶ·ġԣҪ;ĻԳŲס 
ô˵⳵ӺõĺģλүҪֲ㣡ˣƤӣ 
Ȼʼ磬Ц˵ǣ˵ǡ 
ߣݺݵصһۡ 
һֱڿ̺ȻתͷȻ㲻ϲ 
ҲȻΪѵĿ˿ôƯĳӣǰţ˯ݶѡƨŪƯ桭Ǻǡ 
û˵ûǳܻıͬȵļǮ˿ջϰƽʱʱƾ 
ϲصϰڳǰһ죬Ϊ׼㹻ĸھůı졣 
ټȻָ˿ջˡ 
žһӣ뿪ݡ 
ĸ򣿿͹٣·ǰͣ£Ȼתȥѯһֱڳ붨̡ 
Ļ΢̧̧ͷָ˸ 
ߣڹȥǴˣҪ𣿡 
ҡҡͷ 
㵽Ҫȥﰡɾˡ 
ϡ 
ҪȥɣúԶ 
Զ 
Զ𣿣ȻЩˣι㵽֪֪Լﰡ 
Ĭûеͷ 
ص̾˿֪ҪλϰĮһе˽ǲܵģȻֻѭѭյʵİ 
Ĵ 
Ҫȥϣ 
ǡ 
أôأĺѪѵ඾δԵʣ 
˵·ڳһšʲôûɡ飬ƭת֮󣬲øΪı㡰ԣʲô֪ 
ĴȷʵԶΪ⸱˵仰ʡʡĸԣû·Ȼ˸ǺշתݡϳءʵǸ׳յļһ֪Ҫ²ܵϡ 
ȦתͷѡȷķȻٵȥ 
˰ͻװ⡣ˣôİҲԶġ 
ߡ 
ߣôߣ 
ȡ 
ϻһԴأ 
 
 
 
 




















4 
ҮҮ 
˽£ϵĶ˶Ա˴˿˵ΪϤ 
ƺ··ͣͣ 
ȻɽˮóԵͣԣÿͣ 
һϻ˳ûϰĿɽ԰һߵ͡ǵֵ徲 
·϶ûʲô˼̲ϲ˵һŵƽʵСӣ˷ܵõǹСӡ 
ӣȥ𣿡գգ͵۾ɵĹâ 
ϰˣ飬̵ͷӦʡ 
˼Сջֱͣᡣ 
ְۣ˵С򣬵ҲڰбȽϴмԸ˶ϼƺʲô£˸Ƕüӡмһ˲ʴĸ̨ǶǶ֪ڵȴʲô 
бҮȥɣ 
ƺϰ߸ôվһԥȥ 
ߵȻ²ת֮£ֹԹԵ˽ȥ 
ö˰֪ڸʲôأȻһͷʵϲʲô𣿡 
ͷһСؤҲְտеǮСз㣬ٽصСǶˣǺǡȢǮС㣬һٻأ 
ŶŶȻͷԭֲôҶô˷ܣ 
ͷĻȻƴ漷 
˼̨ԶĵطȴǸǮС̨ 
Ȣ 
оԼͻȻʹȻعͷȥ˫쳣˫ 
ʧЦҡҡͷ˵ʲôҲŲҪһûŮ˵أҰԺһȢһƯˮ˶ 
ӰߣС㣡Ұ㰡Ұɣ 
˵ĵɴǮҴСѾϸ̨ôȥ̨̽Ⱥˡ 
˷ܵô£ϣܶУ˳ӿң˺޷֮Ƭҩ㱻ļһ顣 
ۣǲô˷ܰɣôȫȫ̵ϣȻεŤͼһ֮ƿϰٺ׳˷ܴеˣ 
𶯡ͳͻȻӶߴһ£Ȼ̵Ϊ̫ӽ䣬Դһֱġĸоܾú񫡣 
ôˣȻŬĽǱתȥǰͻȻѩĲӣвǡıһ¡ǰƳƤŵɢĵҩ㡣ܵܵζ˿˿ģպȵĸʲݡӶҪȥˣǾ޷ŵģˣ⵭ˣ뽫ƿ 
Ϊ±Ĺϵ˽ʱԸоԷÿһλͻأĴڡֻȵĺѣϸղڻǸ˼ҵŤĦ̼ͼеĴһĹеĲ۵ﴦǻȥ 
ˣˣҵģ 
ȺͻȻһ£΢ֿЩ 
ȻЩãȻȴǸ飬ֻ˫۾һĨŨɫ 
ͷͻȻһӰϮײȻУʶؽסʲô 
ûǵʲôͼɫϯǶʱɢڿС 
һƬƬ񶼼Ļмɢͷϣ֪ղǸԭвù 
ؤôŪˣ 
дǶҵģȻŪã 
Ҫİҵĺ£Ҳ㣡 
Ȼз飬ûõôŭΧ˹ͼ 
Ȼⳡ棬æЦүǱ𼤶ȻˣС㲻ǻûҪ޸˭𣿾ǴһлСҲǹģүǶŹСģ 
۵ĻȰȭҪһٺô 
ۼҪᣬһԵȴû˿Ӧ 
Ⱥӿ֮ʣͻȻΧȺʼɧӵᡣ 
ۣ߰ 
ߡߣ߰ܣ 
ö߰ 
Ҳȣ±ӣģȻһȺͷܶĶߡ 
ʰ쵵ȺĲ˹̺ιӣվ̺Ȼ˵ķ֮ȴƵСǴҡڵﳤȥ֮󣬸ղŻеʣǶˡ 
Ȼ˿ڵϵĻмֻܵߵĲЬε̾˿˵ӣİ һ£ڵã䣬㵹Ҳû˹ˡ 
ĸоһµĿһ˦մмš 
˶ˣû 
Ҹˡ 


ʧȥ˹£˻صջӡ 
Ÿ£ſڽַؤһȳŵؤһȻָеӣⲻǺ𣿡 
Ȼæתȥȳߣ㣡 
ȳƹһȳһյ˹һʹһ¡ 
ȻЦҮȳߣ˰ 
ߡСӿòȳҲһŵǷԸ⣬ֵ˵˵㱻ϳ˰ 
û취˭ءȻ˵úʧ⣬ȷʵЦݡ 
㶼ˣԽԽѹˡ 
ôأҿǳƤǰߣž˷űڣǺǡ˵ˣôҲ˰ 
ڷԣﻹһȳƾɵĲۣЦﲻûɶؤܻ췹 
۽ſڴļؤ䶼ƿڴǰҪЩλȻЦ 
ȳ߼ЦȻֻ̾ɶҲӵ۾ǺǡûȷʵܰУҪ¡˿Ị̆ƺ 
ȻǺһЦ˼뿪ȻҪ£޴Ҳû֪ıҪĪҪ߸ˣǺǡ 
ӣ˵Ǽǹİ 
ͻȻվͷҲصϷ 
ӣӣȻֻÿЦһ䵭ʵǲ˼ 
ȳָ棬ѹʵӣҶ£λƺ 
Ǻǡҵˡ 
ҡȳоⱬ¶ָ֮澹Ȼѳӣϲһȳ֮˾ȻƤɫ죬ӦȲͷ¶β֮Ұ 
߸ˡǺǡȻ̸֪ȥʰæתƻ⣺߸磬Σ 
ȳߵ̾ѹøͣǺӣҾͲˡҳΪ˰֮¡ 
ŶѵõģǴǵüͷ΢塣 
Ҳ岻ãֻǡ˿ˣȻյȻĶ䰵ֻǰƲˡ 
Ү 
ǳǷֵģѾڰз˰ϼѲǾΪ¶ġ 
 
ôˣӣɫ죬ȳ߹еʵ 
ȻһЦҺұ˳ȻҵȥңɹԹԵ˲ˣ 
ֻӣ 
Դݺݵ˼£ȻĵˣƵˣ 
ȳ߼漸ؤѾȵòͷ㹰ֵ˵ˣҸӸٺȾưɣ 
˵Ŷ 

 
𣬵ȴӦ𣬷·ûڡ 
ŵ˺ԡ 
 
滹ǼžӦǿշ䡣 
ҾͲ㲻Ӧţ 
 
仹ǺϢ 
Աߵķűˡ 
ó 
ףȻȻĿŴ̡߳ 
ķ䡣 
ǸǸҸˡȻŷ߽ķ䣬һ߲һкղŶûԶö˰ɣƹЩصСˣ԰ɣ 
 
ûжȻֵ԰ɣ⼸춼ǿиûԵȷˡɿˡ 
 
̵ĳĬƽʱᣬʵôˣ 
ôڣ 
Ϊʲôһ᲻ڰ 
 
ûд𰸣ȻԶԾ뵽ԭͬʱЦøԵѵĺһ֡ 
ΪҸȳˣ𣿡 
 
֮ûȥǲǣ᲻Ұɣ 
 
Ծû飬۾ܾȻӴתˡ 
Ҫңǲ᲻ң 
 
ûʲô˼Ҳ߱˵ģ˵˵ 
 
תȻڴʷʮСƿǶʱĸ᲻˷ܣ 
ҡ 
ţ˵˵ 
Ƿ򡣡 
ðɣԭǺúܡԷɡ 
ƽϻȻ̶̰ԡ 
š 
ѵõģڳԷʱȻһ̬ûǵߴߴ 
ȴûһ㡣 
ƺҲ쵽쳣Ǻ֮ˣûгѯʡ 
ǣٷʶڶٺܰķ 
ӡȻͻȻ˵ 
û˵̵񷺹һ˿Ȼ 
ûһֿԱ͵ȥҩأ 
С 
Ŷҿ𣿡 
̧ۿ˿ɵͻȻ飬ûж˵һϳһССƿӡ 
Ϳϣִ 
Ŷô˻нҩ𣿡 
һ 
֪֪ˣ˾ûнⶾҩĶ𣿡֪ԼʧԣȻæ͡ҩʲôְ 
֡ 
ۣһ־֪ˣĺóŶ 
΢һӾ᲻ƵģȻֻظǸƤò 
ᣬͷ緹 



һȥõ߻̵ԭ㡪ݡ 
ůůķ罥Ϯµƺȡ 
һСӱͣ£ȻƥԸȥˮȻ복ˮȥ 
ڳȻȥǱĻģദȻ֪ʵΪҡҡλε˯ˡ 
վ˯ҲҪ䱸ǳߣһͣˡ 
δָѵ۾ߵҶӰһ˫ѩ׵ֲԾ˹ȥĶסﳣһЦڸ߸ߵĲݴͻȻĳˣֻԼȥʱԷֱθʵʱ˺֡ 
Ȼ 
ӣʲôαסȻĿδع̡ 
֡ǵԽǿݣ˫۾Խأصɱеʱȴû췢ˮ㶣㯵·ĺӡ 
ϲ̣ǰҪɰˡ 
ȻûԵر¶ȻóǸٳŵˣһССġƽﶼϢֵϰ죬ʱһЩѪ⡣ 
˯δ֮̽һ£ȴ⴫һХͬĺড 
ͬʱоԼͻȻȫģһŨҵҩɢȻǵᵱŹζζŨҵ͸һ˿ȳ·ھ˭ĪҪ󵨷 
¹ӭš 
ƹӭš 
Ĺӭš 
ϵġ׳ġġ 
ȻЩ죬ܿƽ˹̵ļСʵģ 
šƺûгȥ˼Ĵ㣬ڳ˵кҪ¡ 
ʾ䣬ϿԽͳɡû²ҪҡĻȻö˽ߵλ 
ߵ𣺡Źⱸ˾ƲΪŽӷϴ 
ء 
¸Ƿرţ 
̶µĴδŭȻȴע⵽ü֮Ƥ΢һ㡣 
̵ĻظֵϷڼҺš 
֪ˡ˿Ĳ 
ﵽĿĵµȸˡ 
˲ž 
ãȻŸо̵ԷɣʲŨҵҲɢȥ 
ʣҲûѡ 
Ϊ֪Ҫ˵ģʹҲ˵˵ĻôҲܴǻ׳ֺ 
ֹ˷·һʱڻָƽյļž 
š 
 
 
ƿڣ㲻˵ŵˡȽϺҮ 
 
ң 
붾㡣 
 
















5 

ۣôŶ 
ȻڵأټһլݳǶ֮Ƹ֮ɽԲá 
ƾլſͣһǰӭ 
̿һۣȻ³š 
ӭţ 
һƺѾ֪ĹվŵͥԺغʱ 
ǿһؤ֮ʱɫԱ䡣 
֣ȣţУж֮ɫʮ˫ӵ۾ţȻȻ⣬εشƼլӵͥԺװֶ֮꣬ȥ 
ɨվǰʮͽκα鶼Ӳ۾ 
֪ǺΣյ飬ЩͽȻ϶Լٰ㹧άΪȨһ¹ĶǡȻӺȻ֣һȴпΥ 
̿˿վǰߡնԼԲѷ¡ų򲢷ǵϵһֱ£֮λĿӿνȻҡȻ˵ơԵĻĲȻմ̲ˮֻȻ棬¸Σա 
˷Ȼö֮ĴţһԾ֮ĪҪ˵⣬Լʱ˵ҷ¶ 
һ˲˼̿˿һȫ֪ԼվȻʼιɵϣаԾΡǸ浥ģڷЩڿ˼ˡ 
ҵĿˡ 
Ŀ˶˽⵽˷ֺɡ 
Ⱥ֮ףվ˳˵ţϷڷڵȺʱ 
µȭͷգ̵ͷʾӦʡ 
ضĺС 
ĺôƯأÿҪüأ 
˶ûĴСַ׷¶ĵɫ 
ûĺԣֽͷ˿˵ǼͷɷȻͷҷ°һӡȻԶһŮӷԸʷҵԺӡ 
ŵӽԸΪ𾪣ܵ˺֮ˣⲻ򵥣ǵδ֪ 
ܵرȻȴ֪Եش˴ɰСӣȻɵЦӣⲻн֮ᷢ𣿡 
ȫһΪؤһ̾ͻźԺĻࡣǳǵϣûѸȡֻǺһۣ漴ת뿪 
˷ξۣ֮֮ɫǱ¶ɡ 


ιιλƯƯĴιι 
ȻһԵʷ󣬴ССȣ߽լӵ 
ߴ˵ûѹڣֻݱλĶ˵ĴŮˡϧǣȻƺŵ˶壬ϵܱͷǶûκô 
˺óһ·ˣʷǶǡ 
֮ԺΨһƷԡ 
˵Ů㰡ô˵Ӳ˵𣿲úҸǺҮ˵Բᷴˣôǲ˵ѵ˵Ǹưͣѽÿ˵ҪңҲܺ߰ͬģҾ˶ģһϻкܶܶõ飡Ҳǧÿĸмޣ 
죡 
ԭưͰ 
ȻʷûŵǰУܿܲȥֻȸˡŲȻûͣĿȴѾҪŭճɺɫˡ 
öֺͰ׵ˣ 
ŶȻһ˿ů 
벻Ǹ˾ȻΪ롣ֻһأ 
֪Լŭ˵˲˵Ļʷæס첻˵һýžȻһͬ˴¡ŵΪѴǷ켫֮ȣʹ˳µߴ˵ʱѾöڵˡ 
ȻլһԺ⣬ʷͣ˽Ų 
򵥵ΧŵԺȫ׾ܿȥܿ໨ݲľľ˵ס˵ĵط˵ǻ԰ 
סĵط 
شȻֵĺô໨ľסһأ 
ʷǳŪ빫ӽȥȺš 
ף㲻ȥ𣿡 
²Խ 
ŶǺðɣԼȥˣ 
ҡڵԺӣѲſסԼǸıӰž綾ţë롣 
Ҫת뿪ȴȻȵƯĹҮܺóԵӡ 
תͷȥ£һؿǶİݴԡ˴̵ĲݾϣССĺӣȻ˴̣ɻǸȻƹ⻬ްϲ 
ɱۣаֲֹ¶ģֻɵؤ˲óԵĶҲ°ɣ 
ô룬ȻСժҪԵ֮ʱһǰһֽڵء 
ˣʲộŹ 
ʲô 
Ϊʲôطţǽöң 
Ȼʵĵͷش֪͸߹ˡ 
㣡Ϊⶼ͵Ѱ𣿣ˣĻÿģֻҪլֵģʹǵϵ̦޺Ҳо綾 
ۣô 
ϻؤҾ㣬ȥ֮𵽴ԺֵȫǾ֮Щͽƽʮᡭ֮£ʷоһֵͷͣϯѣ֪ҲѾˡѾվԺӲʮĵط 
ղŻüŭĿͻȻžһڵأе֪Ȼæ𣺡ôˣﲻ 
ж 
Ү㲻ŵôҲж 
˭˵ŵ˰ٶ֡ҥԣҥԣ 
ҲⶾˣⶾģȥϢһ£ȥҲ˼ǷӦһѽ߿Ժ߽Ժӡ 
˳ľ֮ʣȫʷﲢΪжɫ 


Ŵլ룬һϸ̴ľǶ 
֮Ųƺ΢ԥϱظ˳ 
 
ʵײ밵ڵĵڣлõͳˡ 
Ƭ̣洫һ̶ˣúÿ㣡 
ǵǸϸһŮɤ 
ǡ 
ã谵ñȱٹɴᣣԵøĪ⡣ 
ղ°ݴĻ֯͹ˣŶ֪⡭ 
Ӳ֮䣬һֻѩ׵֫޹Ѳ롣ɴ֮£غˣ 
ǰȥסơ 
̶￴ģˣָ֬ϸ̸Ƥߵš˻һ죬һžµƤ׹ء 
 
ĵĹ£һ׾ݡȱյʤѩֽڰһȴȱһ˵¶ȡˣֻ迴һۣ޷ѱˡŮ 
̶ԽԽˡ̵㡣һ˲Թ׶Ҫ 
ˮϣ¶СС˺ۣϸϸѪҺ˳ȴʺ죬ǹİɫ 
׵ָ˻ȥϧ˵ÿŶˡײãײСġ 
û¡ 
˵£֮΢˿ڴѸɢ˵ѺȻȫڣֻССĻˣ֪ŮָϵĶҩ 
ӣӣ𣿡 
ͻȻȻĴлһ 
˭󳳴еġ 
֪ˣֻʵ˵̵ѡ 
ѣŮӵͻȻü񣬡Һѣ 
˲˿Ůӷѣ֪ܷ񱣵סɵ֮ˡ 
ˡ΢̶ͣˣҲýЩˡҲܲô࡭ 
֪ 
ģȥɣˡ 
⣬ӵϼ´ϣǳ 
һǸڴ´еɵϺվһԿֵˣ;ʹĳ嶯 
˼èɢȥȻһ̣˵ñֱ߳˹ 
ҵɺˣһȥǸ·ĴͻȻ˶赹ˣ 
ҪϺһɧŻһںѪ漴 
ӣӣôˣȻѪ俴ɫεͬī֭ŨѪ֪о綾ʶԣҩҲδѧϰ޽ⶾ֮ܣ˿̵δɢϰҽԼ 
ȴҡҡͷĲû¡ϰˡ 
ϰߣжôϰߵİ㵽Ϊŵ˲жһֱŵŸӲܻᱻҩֺȴţҲֻһˡеʹ޷ΣƵԼȻҲִһ̡ 
ֱͦ壬߲ѪĨȥʷΣ 
ʷ֪ô 
ûƤЦȻŵ˴˵СӰ塣̿һů 
û¡ 
ȻҪȥǴߵĺѪȴֹж 
ֶж㻹Ȼ˵û¡ƭˡ 
۾ʼһɵ⣬᣿ 
š 
֮⣬ֶκβ 
˵Ȼ֪ȷʵûд󰭣Թƿʲô˲𰡡ŵ˻ǶжףˣǸ㡭 
һ˰ٴʵΣ 
ѽ˶ҰԺϢˡȥɣ 
ҵԺӣ 
ǰ 
㡣䣬ɫӰأѸԺӵķȥ 













6 

˴ҴһصԺӵʱڴϵʷѾǶģһϢ 
̾˿һ費۵СϰһƬҶС 
Ƭ̣ʷɫԻ͡ 
̵ģ˫ţһ׵âն 
ۣ϶£ĶûŴ߰ 
âڴȻƤ˲䱻ˮɫߣ̵Ȼ𣺡ʷɫǼѪâϸţë¾Ҳ޷ҵ˵ 
ŵ֪Լˣʷæ´ڵأˡ֮ 
ι˵ӣشӲҪģⲻɣ 
㣬 
ȻĴ֣ŮеķͻȻһֽСǡĶĳ嶯ֶ˵Ĺͷʮ֮ѣɷĩ֮һ⵫˻ǲ 
˫˲ɢɭ֮ɨʷٸëȻ·˶Ѿɵײȥһ㡣 
أҪΪ㱧һ¾ͱɱ˭ȾСŮӰ 
ˣ 
ЦôĺоܱԲԹɫƵĺӣ 
ȻΪʲôܲܲλȥ˵Ĵɣ 
̲ÿɷ 
ѵҪҰѴ㶪ܲҮʲôİ˼ʲôõ¾ͻˣ 
̵ģʲôʱҪұˣΪҴŵԺӣҸˣ 
ιǲҿǺİ 
ƨ˵ղŵ£ʷʱðɣǰǷұһζ΢һ£ܿͻõˣ֪ȻҴԺӣҲǸ߹ŵԺǶŵҲܽӽʮ֮ң𣿣ȻҶԺʱɱǲǣ 
վһԵ̿ƽȻĹԼǰΨΨŵŵĲ£˿צĸҹѣپʮֿЦǵļһ鴤ĸо۽ԱߵƤҲеɶϧƤ֮µδ˿˿̵Цݡ 
ȻӶʨˣսսСʵǡôﰡ 
ղιҳԵǡʱѹƸŵĶԡ 
ǣʲôû԰ 
ΪŰͷ޼ˣѪ֮ݸûã 
ʷ໰ˡ̵Ȼ˵ 
ʷע⵽Լж޴ȻԺ֮󻹵ŵһβҲᱻˡ 
ûϵҲȻ߷ԹĿ⣬һۣĳ˰˵˼ҵĶ䶼Ҫùˣ 
۵ף˹硣 
˵ 
ʷ׵ļһһۡ 
̫Ϊ˰ɣ˵ԺҲ֪Ż᲻Ҫǲ˵Ͼһɹײˡ 
Ȼ⣬ǺһЦʵѪʲô𣿡 
ֹݣݵĿ˿̣Ѫ֮޽⣬߱Ȼˣ˶ȴܵжҩ 
ۣͷô 
Ȼ˿΢ѪҲٶ֣ 
ŶŶô˵ſԽԺӿȻЦýƻ 
ʷ֣ǵ˵ͷ 
תͷȥض˵˵ӣΪʲô㲻ͷֵˣҲԽ 
ײ 
Ц˵رģ 
 
Ҿ֪رģǺǡ 
ĸֿʼõˣϧС 
˿ޣͺͷ 
 
һԵʷǵĶԻЦޣ벻˵žȻҲһ棡ǧѵһְɡЦԲЦ̵ú࡭ 
˵˵滰ֲ⡭Ȼ죬תͷȥ˵㰡˵ڶǲİ 
еĻ⣬ʷԥǷӦתͷ̵ͷʾ⣬̾һȷʵˡڲȷ˵ 
ȵȣȵȣȻݺ˵ 
 
ܳȥıӰʷɫԳţҪ𣿡 
 
ǣؤ 
֪ 
ţ¶Ƿ 
¶轵սʷҲо䡣 
ȴȻŲصʱ˲ظ 
 
̵еĲãȻ 
ʲô£Ȼʵ 
ö㡣 
氮˵ЦЦһˣԼˡһˮȻ˰Ȼ׼¡ 
ʷ￴˿ǰĲˮԥһ¾ǲҪȡ˭֪ŵĶ᲻ʲô綾㱾ûУֵط߳һ᲻մȾһ㶾ԡ 
̧ͷ㲻ô 
Դ⣬ȻһԴȵŶŵŲӦƵ𣿣 
Ҳ΢һ¡ 
ʷεĳŪһЦӸŲǿĻôడֲƭҡ 
㵹ʶࡣһۣ˵ʮǰżҵ䣬һΪ˱ڽϵĵλͬΪŵ飬ңܼڶԴУȻʢ֮ȴ֮˴вΨһϵǸŮӣҳӻ䣬֮š 
Ȼ˿̣֪µǱǴ˸ӡ 
һ岢ͬżλ֮˲ȨŴСϰѪ书ǸĪ⣬ԼǲԸ⣬ǵ÷Ϊ𡣱£ֻǽϷˡ̣ûзӦʷŸҼ˵ȥϷ˶һƫ̻мӣǳֳ֮λ롭ͼĸϳš˵˴ЩпʷΪųϵȴżͬҲٸ֮ϰΪŶάһѱϾɱ 
ȻѵŹĸ֮̾¶ΣȨƣ˽ˡѵһ⣿ 
ҲˣһֱĬͻȻ˵ʻȴȻ 
 
֪ǡ 
֪ 
Ȼɣͬ磬â¶ 
һһҵڽ㣬֮ʷ·ڱ˴˿ 
Թ۵ʷһȥɵ㶵ؤⲻ򵥣ͬƾľڵϹű֮ͬһʿ¼Ѫա 
дһˣǸǻ 

ҹ˾޵ԺӸǼžˡ 
ȴһӰ޻Уߡ 
ӣô˯ 
ɳ߹ԵȻ̵ߡ 
žǶãͲסį˵ӣΪʲôҪŵأҲһˡҾˣҲκΰ 
ʢɫм䣬ϸӰƻðš 
ҹ磬¶ȵҲ㡣 
ΪβҪң 
Ȼ֪𰸣ȴŴ𰸵еð 
Ϊʲô̵Ĵ𰸡 
Ц֪ش˶ϲһЩĵ飬ʹڱ˵ʮҪ 
˵ʵ㻹ҵġƣһֱƤߣĿҿ 
뿴ɳɳƵ޵ջ˷Ļи 
š뿴Ȼʵĵͷ 
ڡ 
ᡣ 
˶·˭ת۾˰ 
ѵõģˡ׿أȻ½ 
һžµƤߣġ뿪ӡ 
ҹ£һȾ˵ 
˫עȻƽı顣 
ˣ 
ǵ׶˵ˣȻ֪Ϊʲôʼս˵ 
š 
ȻҲˡ 
ƿ۾ժһƯɫ䣬ࢳζתɬͬ˿̵ĸо 
Ϊΰ֮ö˯֮ժߣĻ㿴 
 
ˣɻǲ˺ԶԶ֪㲢ǿõ˰ 
Ҳ 
һ仨Թˣֲһ䡣 
Ȼ˳Ĭá 
¹⵭ģѩһؼ 
̾һ仨һ仨ĳ԰Եģʮ䣬ߵĻԹˡ 
һԵȻ̲סʵڳʲô 
ǵͳģȴƮƮĸо 
ʲôһ䱻˴ûǶǵɫźܺó԰ɣƽղʳҲԣ 
һĻУ֪ΪΣ̵Ķеٶۣ޻ 
Ŷ޻ô֪ҩҲ˵ֶĶʹߴܿ򶾣Ͼ֮ʮ䶾Ҳûµġ 
԰ޡƽֻбѩ۾˿һɫžĵĻС 
³ָ̽ĺͼ¡ 
ָŸ̽ȥ㱻ͷסСް 
ŵȻæջָҺʪ˵ָ·˵Ĺâѵ·Ҳ˴˶ѡ 
Ѳϸ˻˵̰׵˫ճ콿ۣ˾˾ư־룬ֶ˵ֻãŲ޴󰭣Ȼע⵽ɫƽκŮӶҪ𪣬ȻûĴȥȴ۾Ҳоۻ塣 
һԾ 
Ȼֻ׼͵Сһһȷˣ۾ְͰ͵Ķž޵ա 
ţһ£һӦûɣ˭Ƥţ黹Ҫװ˼ֻǺ棬֪ȥĸоǲҲţӻˣҲ֪ɹʲô 
Ĵĺ֣Сشһ̵ա 
֣ճֵĸоְ㣬ȫûܿԼš 
һ΢İ͹дָԵϸȥȻ˵ĺۼƤɫֻҰҹɫʣϸ۲죬ƤͬУ˸ܵ΢С覴á 
˺ۣε 
һ·ܹˣѵ˵֮֮ˣ 
˭˭ 
뿪ֻһӣӡ 
һĨѪȴ˫۾֣ʹҹʣҲδڸǴ˿ϵɷ 
ӣ˭㣿 
ȥ²⣬Ȼʻ֮ˡ 
ûС 
̾˿Ҳǲ֪˵ľǿҲϲȻǰܾˡ 
Ȼ׷֮ˣ 
Ұɣӡֻң𣿡 
ĸоԼΧѾʵľӴشǸֲͯꡭ 
ҲҪˡҪݶҩۡҪˡ 
϶˵һԱĺӿԼпˡ 
ҲҪƯҪƯۡۡѩ׵ڿкһ裬ƾš 
ӡˣѾٺˡҡңһᱣ㡭ġ 
ѲſסڼɷӵŻ塣 
𣿡 ˫۾ӱԼˣ˻ɺϣΡ 
ġ 
ᶨԣɹƬϸĴбб 
ȻعʱԼ촽Ѿݺݵѹ̵Ĵϡ 












7 

ҸΪ԰ⶼѵˡ 
ȻǸȫ֪ʲôµʱԴиֳ뷨 
Ȼ 
ƯˣҲǸ˰ԼȻȻء 
һȴȻ֮ͬҲδǸǵñͬΪԵǹ 
ɡǵð 
ȻѾƤǣһǰ걡ġͬ͸ǽ˸ӣҺɫ촽ĸо촽һ˴촽ȴȵģȵ˶ڻ˰㡭 
ʰƿƿ޹޵æµӰȻ;Լ˺صĿ¡ 
˵ĻԼùһ㣬ﲻơ̹ 
ӣ 
֣ͣתûӦʾ˵ 
ȻһҺҡлҪ㡭 
˵ 
һҺ۾һŹֵССƿƿȴѾͨڡ 
ʲô 
 
Ŷ 
ѵõĽ͵˷ٷ 
ٷùŹֵ֣ʲôð 
̽ƿԻΣ洫ˮҺĻζ֮⡣ 
˼ƿڲĶȻеëȻⶫܵƤͻ˵ͷǸƤʲô𰡣 
û𡣡ֵĿ˿ɫ԰׵ȻʵлҪ˵ 
šûû¡˵Ļ㲻ƿƤĶ͵ͷ 
ʲô̹ǺӺ˰ɣ 
ɫȥϰȻ˹Ź̷ֵжƿ˹ 
ƣ 
Ҳ춼ûǸĴˣ 
 
в˲ײɱ˴ǧ֮ʷѾʼˡ 
ûֻ֮ǰǳܵԺ𣿿⼸춼ˡ 
ɫԻĲɵĻش¡ 
ŶȻó˵㲻ټȥ 
һӣȴ̲סֻСһߣԹϰŵƿӹʮȤӡ 
ιӣƿװʲô 
ǡ 
ŶŶӣǸ߹ʲôҩ 
ġ 
Ҳ֪ˣӣôСƿӸòװ˸Ķɣ 
 
ﲻҰôС 
ͣתͷǸߴߴ谭µˣҩĹҪʵ롣 
Ȥ 
Ȼ˷ܵƴͷȻô˵㶼㲻ʲôĺҩһԺʲôˣҲ 
õĶŵҿǽҩС 
ɫһɭȻ˶ǶϷ 
ҲǶϷȻһЦνˮۣܸۡ½棬ҩõ˵طɱҲܾ˵ģ𣿡 
һ㶡 
Ķ̶̶ʮأ붾Ϊ顣ֶ֪ɱΣֶԻ˷񲣬ֶʹܡõģ 
Ȼǣ·͸˼ȻḧԼ޼Ѫ˿Ѫ涾ȴܱƽ 
̶̼˵ҡ̼ʮ 
ȻŪ˿˼ȻƮԶʵ书һںôãڻ򻵣Ϊô򵥵ĵƫҪִԡ 
ѵһֵĳ˼״̬ʹҲ޷ڸǻȻɵĻɣȷǳ֮ 
ϧȻ׻Ȼ˳˼̣û̫Ӷߵȥ 
Цһָ֣һЩƿޣ˵һþˣ 
ദˣҲȾʩȻϣŵ˵޷ 
ţܾЩ̫ˣĶҩǶһЩǵʲôڤ㡯նϻɢ֣֮㿴ЩĶҩǡġٷһ֪ʲôˣû˼ֱ̫ˣһظжûУ 
 
ôͲȡһ֣ 
䡣 
ô˵Щҩô룬𣿣 
װ졣𼸸ģƿӣָߵףң 
ϸѩָָ⼸ӣȻû˵ɱЩǡʲôӡʲô󡯡ʲôʲôî 
Ҳ 
ŶŶʲô֣ 
һȤ˵ˡ 
ţʲô 
Ҽ 
 



ˣ²̽ؤıϧأδֻ˵ǰ±ؤνδлر 
̴ľڣ²ϵصţԵùˡ 
ˣȷʵܡǵסԺѪ˿ 
֮Ϸı棬Ĭ 
Ȼޱ飬ֻе֮ð亹 
Ϸˣ⡭ 
ǺƺԽԽˡ 
ںһ͵͵ܳȥĺӰ͵ 
ԵĺҪôͷأǺǡ 
һ΢Цµϡ 


סŶգȻȫûиоκڶļ 
˵Ϊ̵ĻعȺʱ侲 
ÿӴ˴ϵķˣЩ͸ķһСÿշھԺʮ֮ңʯϣȡáҪǲܵˡǸؤͳԹ˲и䷹ЩķˣΪžȻҲҪؤһЩҿȻģֱϰΪˡ 
ǳ֮ȺϹϾŵӹԹԸףΪֻһĽԺ֮еͽ 
ۿûκ߽ԺǸ˾įƯ޻Уһһĳȹ¶ʱ䡣 
ÿһ뵽ⷬΣͺзŻһԺյĳ嶯 
Ѿڵøīһˣ 
Ȼʳ֮ζİ˿ڷѾüûиһԷˡ 
緹ûˣҲֻܴ΢еµĴϸоȷʵ˯ 
ĵӣҪԸɵĳ̶ˡ 
ðɣϿһףȻȻվȥˣ 
߳˸ԺӣĵݼҹɫʼܸߵͲƽʮУ㶥Ҳô񣬿ȴƽذ硣 
أ 
Ĵһ·ڶţһ̴ľԾǵձǼ̴ 
Գļ˱վڴݼ 
ŵܱߣͬһֻڰľ޴ɫؿ̽ʵ 
ӳᣵڵ˸޷ 
ҹδѻȸӬɹûС 
һ󣬲Ҫ뿪ȴһ 
δһŮ˽֮֮𣺡ŶⶾӦˡ̶ùŶҪء 
л·˾ҵʹǵƵüȻ̡ 
Ժӡȥ˯ɡٸ㽱͡ 
̶桭ˡ 
Կ̣һҹĻɫӰײײ߳˴ŸҲֲ֧סصڵأŻ³ѪҺ 
ӣ˲ϱֵĿܣȻһԾȥ 
㣿ãɫӳŲ԰׵ϣŨڵѪ˿˵عڱ촽ߣ˵ʵ 
ȻҪȴһƿж 
ΪΣ 
ɭɱ⣬һæ̧ͷֻƽϴ˿̾ȻεȻȥͬԵҹ档 
㽭ҲóھԵʲô԰书ͻȻʷһħ̵书ϰھϼɫνңֻһʹʮѪ˹֡ 
֪˿ٲ߿Ҫִǿվƴں﷭ڲݵȣ˵ȥɡ 
Ȼüͷ壬 
μŲҪȥȴ˫۾ֹ 
ǼӰ¶Ļ̴ľƫƧĺԺƶÿһҲͣ´ϢƬ̡һ˫˫ӵ۾ڰ⡣ 
ô֪ĺüϣҲ˶ȹ 
Ȼ 
ҪĮʹ˶ȫ˺Ƭ 
ѹѾõھ 
ˡ̵ͬƽϢŭİҩ͸ҹգȵͷ侲 
ڼ䣬ԭѱԺӺȪ̶ԡ 
ʲôȻȻ̶֪ӣƽϴĵط 
ⶾ 
ۻ棬漴ǽ£Ȼ¶ѩ׵塣 
Ե޳˫Ȱڶ˲䱻ȵ̶ˮڣ꼻һְ롣 
࡭ȻݺݵһҺǰ𣿣ȻһеĽʵҲδ̫𪡣 
ȿȡ̶ˮе漴³ںѪ 
ӣ˲ȻһԾ̶˹ȥס̡ôˣҪҪҴ򣿡 
ûƤڸǵƣر۾μҴҶŶ֢ 
˵Ҳǡ 
֪ģֵ¡̶нⶾЧѿҡ 
Ҳֻǽ˱ϵĶղ˺öѪǺɫġ 
ް 
ңʲô 
ûлشֻҡͷ 
ȻͷԼεĿЦ㲻Ը𣿡˵ҲֵΣҲǣҶҩﲻ㡭ֻؿܿ࡭ 
̲뿴űÿǵȾ˲ʺϵĿɬɫʹҪ 
Ҫ 
Դͷشļϣо̶Ҫů´˹ԶΪѪ 
۰ 
֤ۡɡ 
Ȼŭһƻ̶棬ŪˮĽ̶ˮܽϨŭ𣿣 
ץס̵ı۰򣬴ˣ󣡣Ű 
ϰ 
ϰˣôϰߣɶ񣡿ɶ񰡣ȻͻȻ쳤Х֮ʨ̶ˮ౻˼ɡ 
ǸԼϱסˣȴб 
ڷڲѵ̶ˮУס̣ᶨ˵Ҵ뿪ʲôšʲôҲգ 
þĥǿ׳ƹȻ£ϱ§סҵˣң 
㣡 
벻 
Ȼ̧ͷ˫峺Ͼ۾ǡ 
롢 






















8 
ݴƵ·һҲû˽ӵԾ 
ǲǼȥϰݳȻɢĻűʵ 
ڵ۾ȻƤգ֮б¶š 
š 
ȻĪǿؤȻǸز¶ĸ֡ 
֪书аɣҲδʡ 
˳˲붾Ժ֮ʣǱ͵뿪լӡ 
ҡҡλεƫԶС·ϣ뿪ݰʱӱķҡΪӡ 
ǺϲҧӡСӡ 
ںҳ裬ʵ뽫Դǳ 
ңһ˱ŵǳ壬ȴùˡȻԼһоϡ§̡ѩȴ͵Կ̰ӡԺС 
ۣҪ裡裡 
 
óħȷѵľȻں̡ 
һŮź´Ծ˳żεŮסȥ· 
ȻŲæסԲʵģ 
š 
̿Ҳǣڳڼ˯ 
ŮȻգ಻ҷ˵ţϷЩȥ 
̲𣬵ȻЦˣιλ·Ĺҵ㣬ŵŶ԰ɣ 
Ůһͷƺʻ⡣ 
ȻһЦƤ״¶ţȻţҪȥǹܵûûС󣬾ͲǼƽˡÿɣ 
ŮһʱðɣˣƤؤҪΪ㶮˲𣡣ţǻţ 
ɰ뺨ѴãȻ 
ˡ񣡡 
䣬ǰ 
ۣ˵£ͶְȻţȻţȴ 
ıӴ˻һȦһʱ޷벽һȥ 
ɶ񣡣ŮӼһԾ֮һ̹롣 
ڵӰҡڣϮȻĶȫȥ 
ȻбδԻϵƤЦʵ᣺˵λ㲻аŪ֮𣿡 
㣡ŰգŮͨ죬ķȴԷ 
һյߣۺͷһġ 
ǹƷСӣȫ֪ԼղĶĳжɿ顣 
ȻԻΣֹݵԥ֡ 
һԱ߳˺ܾõŵӳû͵ϮϮȻ 
Ӵ 
һձܹ޼ͷ˿ͬ¡ 
ѽȻһΣͼֹ˿׹쳾ȻŴ󿪡 
ǼŹ˻ᣬɲǼ䣬ţ롢͸Ƕ󡢶̼ȸʽİͬɻϮ 
ۼȻҪһֻжļȴ⣬һһռɢ˿뻳С 
ߡ 
ߣǰ˿ĺѿƮݵӰȻǰ֮ͬղŵδһһι˸־綾ķɢһأ񱻺ͯߡ 
Ǽֻоղŷ˰ͻȻȫûֱ֪۷·һʧ˰㣬æͷ쿴ֱȻ𣬵ʳָָ֮һСС㣬һײϸϸֱѪͬС߰ӡ 
ѪŮӼһû˵־б顰ꡱһֱۿ£Ѫӿһء 
Ҳ֪˶ǳ׷׾۶գؽԼжֱж¡ 
϶ʱ˼ϱۣǣһظʺɫѪһɫ 
ۿԲеͽɱĲ̡ 
ۣǻݰϵļϱȻٸȻϾʧȥһۿ˵Է书ˡ 
ߡ֮д˾򣡡ŮҧأʧѪԲ԰ףΪӹſ飬һʵϷˣ 
о½¶ȣȻ֪ĻñѾͲõ̸ 
ģ̵Ļóķ˭˵ܻȥ 
ѾҲŸоѾҲǰ㣬ղȻϱֹӣȴδֹѪ֣֪֮Ѫ˸ӹ 
Ѫ֮ΪѪжãȴΪЩҲѪУܽѪȾɶҩض 
Ҳ֪ѣֻ֮ģšŴ󷢴ȱǽҩš㡭ҽҩ 
ղĺҪصŵӴ˿ͷ־ŤݣȻ̵תͷȥ̵䣺ӣĹǰɡ 
ΪΡ 
ͬСڴ̵в˿ 
ǱߵѾģҽҲ³һѪڵѶ 
˼˲ҿȻٶģѪѷ磬ݲǷ 
ȻȫⶾԣҲ֪ڹʹϼˡ 
֪ҲȻһԲ˵ 
̣ղϮǵѾϺ˵˻Ƥʬ塣 
οء 
绪ïģȻ̾һͷ˿վԭͬɽ̣ǳμʱǧĺɢɲ뻨һ֮òźòڻһıɽһΪСͻٶȷ⺮ 
ιӣ˵⼸Ҫô 
ûпһ˫۽ŵʬ塣 
ô 
ôѵͷﰡͨ˿˻ġ 
յ󣬻򶾳ʬ塣 
һ뵽ɽҰ˳ǧ䶯ݵ򼰡֩밡ЫӰһЩʬϡ 
ŻëȻ˸ 
ղûۿͻȻʵң 
Ȼһ㶣̧ͷ˫ղŻɱ۾˿̾Ȼд˼į 
ѪѪܻ 
ƽŤˡ 
ŶŶСͲס¶˵Ǳ˳ˣ 
Ͳûֵ䣬ĵЦںĳ嶯 
𣿡 
üʲôҲֻȻ˵Ļ 
ȻһལŭɷǿɰһΪһΪôĶԻ㣬뿪𣿺Ǻǡһ㶼˽ҵΪ˰߽ʲôأǶߣĶˣðҪ뿪ҲԾԻ㲻ŵģ 
ԲѵķԣǼįָ˲ǰƽ·ղһս 
߰ɡ 
ȵȣȻСò֣Ѹղżսµİռ 
̲ĿĶദʱ֪öҲֲʵڲЩι˶İ 
ȻһĻϲ 
ڰͲסк棬ʵҪã 
ʲôȻһð׳յ񣬡Ȼ 
ȻŪǶѰһ߷űһզݡ 
ۣǴأһֵǮ 
 
ۣ͸Ƕϸܶӵģ 
 
ۣţǽӣҮ 
 
˵Ż̫ 
Ȼ 
ţ𣿡 
Ƿ붾ͬߡ 
 


üɽһæĵشƮͯۡĵĵǰͣһƾɵ 
Դ֮ͣ󣬾˸ҽ뵱̡ 
ȫ֮ǰվһˣȻֻվһԲɵĿ·˲䶳˰㣬κվЩ;ѣ˵Ҿ̡ 
һյʱ䣬̵һƣһ˽ȻͬƤЦؤ˳ 
һǹĹĵǮͼŵƱҫض˵˸üǮ˵ҪҪЩƱȥŻأ 
ĳñĿռ˲£ղŻԽӽ˴˿̿ȥȽϻˡ 
еƱ΢бҲá 
˱Ǵ˽ӳ̡Ȼ 
˽֮˸أٰСĲǣȻһ䣺С˱ģڽǱսƷ 
Ŷǵ׷ɣʱмʶĵӱĳͣҶԽԽߡ 
³ȻǺܲң˭ǲҪսΪŵϡֶϽٲ⣬κ˺ǸؤĶСǾԵµġ 
ΪˣǽĸʽذװȻƾɵǮˡ 
ȻĹĹҵǮЦ¶޿ǵĸǿסջˣ 
̲ÿɷ񣬷 
˼һ俴ȥȽϸɾĿջ⡣ 
Ȼֵ߽ջƹ˵ƹģһϷ 
ߵȻĬҲо顣 
תͷȥǺһЦͬ˵ΪʡǮ·кԶģ˭ŵʱõֵǮĶ 
̲ƺ಻ԡ 
ƹ˿ϣҲö˵ԸƴϷ 

ҹҲ͵˯ʱ 
Ϸ˺ȣ˯ü졣 
һ֧ССϢشֽĴʵİܴڡƬ̣˻˯̡ 
űƿһӰŵ˽ 
ӰҵڴߵİһСƺҪѰҵĶ 
һ̣ͻȻƺһŵ˦ò׵ֵĶ 
ɶмˣԾмƣγйٱ϶Ϯȥ 
ϣһ˫Ȼſ 
漴һɾӴ֮赲йٱʵĹƣ˵̴䡣 
ڴλ޳建᳤˿ɢҵشڼϡ 
ó 
õԷҪٶɧš 
ƫƫ˲ϲϻĺ롣 
ӣ 
ƺûĻֻǵͷ˿ߵ˯øһˣ೤ĺǱĵ̸ԻˡȻ󣬴ӱ㡭 
һߡ 
ˣһ죬˯˱´ 
ۣ˯Ҳδ̫˰ɣô´ 
ȻȣҹﻹǺģͻȻ߳ȥȻͼůůı 
һŲѾǺĴλռȥ롣 
ιӣ㻹ò˯ 
ſʼᴲλĶˣǸҹϮ̲סӵķŭȫǱ벻˷ֵĿģɶţԹԽĻ 
ףôиڰȻƺڷеڷֵʵ壬͵Ҳô˷ 
ϵ̰۾ʵ˯⣺ġ ֮⣬㶨Լ˯ȻһشϼĲߡ 
ιҲ̫˰ɣ 
ڴµĵ棬ȻεضҹϮʵλ壬㵽ʲô 
Ȼ˵ţɶ񣡣ǵû˵Ҫǰ 
Ȼ˸Ƿɬɬ˯ۣ壬㻹߶ 
㣡 
˿ѵ߰İЦ壬ҸһҸɣ͵˰ֻõŶ 
㲻ҪҳƤ 
ĽĿ˿һڴ˯̣ȻִһĹǷĺ˯Ŷղ͵ڴһоû˰ɣ 
 
žડйٱأһѪⸯȳζϴ 
ҵ֣ҵָˣ˼ţҹԵˣǣɣȻö 
˵ҲǱ˴˱˴㻹ɱǰҩҲֻǷ͵ֶѣģɣٰӳˣû˵ 
Ҽס 
˽ʩչṦֻȥ 
Ҳʰɣ 

























9 
е㸴ˡ 
ŵ˹ȻҪ׷ԼţɳԽԽӽѶԸ 
صһƺҲ׷ᡣ 
˲ΡΡȴȻȲǰ̬ƣһһ۵ֱϡƺȫľ˿š 
Ǻϲҧӡ 
ƣ̲徻ۣ˵֮رʫðĴԴͷȴ˲֪ôȫɤŴ´УӲƻʫ黭⡣ 
ϹӶӲṻ 
ϣϸҲֲˮǷʹˮ岻ͣȴ˲Ȥһ˫಻ߴ˫УӲƻĨꡣ 
˴֮õͲڵϣɢ˾͵ĺ߲ݵأȴϹ 
ȣȻȥЬӵĲģ˫͸ˮ͵һ쵽ˮ棬ͼ졣 
ϰħ󷨣̾ں߱Ŀʮѵõ 
ҲΪЩʱӲ֪ɱɵǵĹϵΪߵֻͺӡ 
Դҩ¼֮ȻȻԼȫûпⶾܵɣ۰ҹ䣬ʵľҪ߲뿪벽֮ңǳԷϿҪýģͲûһéˡñϰˣЩֻ֪ҪǾµĲλȵ޷ѣһĪĶ·ǶţҪѰһԻͷš 
ӦѾϵؽ˰ɣ 
Ȼͳŵͱĳƻߡ 
š 
۾˯״ظһ֪ûĴ𸴡 
Ȼһ׼õоһװ㹳ˮУղžһСӣǶ˴ŸǲͬΣӦòԭ˰ɣ 
š 
֮ҲûǼͻϮϮҹϮ֮ˡ˸ϡͷȭͷñŶҹͷӲˡ˭Ϯһǰɣ 
ν첻Ҫ˵ˣϲҪ˵һ˵Ҫ 
һ˵˱㵽 
 
һѷޱȵĹ漴ϮֱȻʺصء 
ɢɢػشһ䣬ֻŲæͷڵĵ棬ӯ޺Ͷһ̶ֱԷ󡣶ԷƺҲǵУ˷ͣƸ֮ƺ϶˶ԷͲ絶з 
ϧıϾģǿͶͬǹаѷ⣬֡ 
ɶ񣡣 
Ϯ֮ģֽͬȻס 
ҹңʽ֤˶һ֣ڵ֮еȻԽײײģÿܹһǿ˵սľ 
һԵ̣ƺⳡ񶷺ģȻ״Լ˯ 
ӣҴ򲻹۰Դ챻ˣۡģ 
ҽУָָ飬Ҫ 
ƶɹػ΢һģ΢̧һ䣬ͷϧȴûпǱߵĵ⽣ӰΪǲڵ΢΢Ծ˶ע⡣ 
㡣 
ɶ 
Ϲ 
ףϹˣۣ̫ˣԳԿˣ 
ղŻǱӰ˿ͻȻһܼܳĵΧ˹ȥץһһݵ۷㱻˦ڿУžһˤվԭػ֪ʲôµǸùϡ 
㡪㻬Ĺι˵ڵأմˮյĶͷ˲両㾹ˣŪң 
ȻһЦȫûκγصǸǸŶû͵ϮǣǺġòһλȻô 
ɫһǺ͵Ϯǣ 
ףѵǵ 
ʲôģ㲻ҪΪɻأַʥ֮ݲǵ 
ʥأʲôʥذôַ 
ָȻ˫ţ˺ʥȻϴţҲˣʥۣѵ㣬Ϊ۸ˣ 
ιιǲ 
㻹ȸ״ 
Ȼҡͷԣϣƣ֮ˮ⣬㣡԰ɣֻӹŴʥ͵Ļδ֮Уߣ㣡ʳҲԾΥֻ˳У֮УֿɲҪŶ 
ŵԶ˺üѵһľϺ۸ˣ 
΢һ 
һԿȥȫͻȻʵľƺڣ 
ʻͬסΡ 
㡢ʶľүӣ 
ʶ̴ˬ졣 
ղŲ˵ 
 
رɫԲ԰ףԥƬ̣漴ӻͳһ֧СѴһ쳹Ƽ䡣 
ФƬ̣һѲң 
𣬵ȴԶ֮˳ʮΪдھ 
΢΢ſڣ練Һá 
֮ǿղϮ֮Ŀɿڴа̾Ҷ˽֣κʤ㡣 
̾Ϣ֮ʣȻ̵ʵɲ˳Եһ㲻 
ԡ 
գȻһЦɽǱ߽еү鷳˳õţ֮Ķл 
ʱƺĺײ֮רԶӡ 
˸һ̾Ϣǰ۸˭ֻ֣аķݡ 
һյʱ䣬һýӰԶƮ˵ƽʹṦмƣֻ΢ѷɫ 
٣ľʧԶӭˡ 
һ׷ϥǰ 
 
ľƵһǸϮˣŭСӣϹ˹۰¹򣿣 
 
Ѫֻϵλľ̷ҵ 
˻æ¹򣬾ߵһľ壬ʶգð 
޷ 
΢˵ͷʾ˵ 
ȺѾõȻͲסˣЦʵүӣûдҰ 
ľƴһ֪ղ紫֮ȥͨؤӣǸղ¶һ֣ϽҲСˡ¶Ȼ߲١ 
Уľƽһײ˹ȥ 
лȻҲץһؿУµĻȫȤ 
ľת̵кηԸ 
΢䣬һ˿ʣɽ 
ľһ㶣ʵǴ㡭 
ȡҩ 
ƽ˵ʵȴʵڵİλ˼һ 
ͷȻҲһ 
Լ϶ʵȡҩ 
š 
סľһǰͣػʥɽȵҲ졣 
Ȼ΢˿վһԵȻ˼ʮԡ 
̵Ȼ˵Ҳͬ 
ľƲٶԣתͷԸľ壺СӣҸȥʥɽһˣȻȥ 
ҲҪȥ 
СӣϹ壡Ƕʥɽȥ𣡣 
ӵļִԸз꣬ƽȻñȴ˸ΪͷۣȴŻ˯Ī 
С 


ƾȻˣľƥ 
ȻһҪһͬ˾͹˭ǰ˭˰ʱ۾ǰܱ߰ٴ֤֮Ѵﵽ¯ĵز 
һʻãʤյ澰۵ףȻֵø˱ƵΡ 
ԼĪգһΰѩɽɽʼǰ׾ڴءɽϴ˸ʽޣľڷҡ֣ѩɽˮ֮ԶԵôɽ֮㡣Īֱľϵ˳Ϊʥɽ 
ԶԶȥƷɽ룬·һ˶֮ڽչǰȻȻǸһֱδϷˡ 
ɽ·ԽԽȻܳǰУȴͲôùˡ 
ľϸǵؾϰߣںĶˣʹҲεҡ 
۵˵ȻǰͷҡҡλεĻԣ̿ɺڼˡ 
§ڻҡڣ͵βʱٶѹµĲλ˶Ħյӵĳһ޷ԵĲλǻȥƽĵطù̼Ӳ 
ٲŴլ֮Ҳ˵֮ǰҲַӦֻһɲǼҲ⡣ʱ˿̣ԼѾԻӲ˲ 
šǷ 
ʷڶ˿Ĵ𰸣ȴҲ϶ˡ 
δѹⲻеͻȻһȻ漴һƨƫѹ̳ȵĲλ 
 ĵطڹǵһ̱ͻȻݺѹԿɳµһҲסĥƺһ 
ôˣתͷһ֪ʵ 
ס۶ϰľʹ̼ҧгݵĻش𣺡û¡ 
ǰľϸԾƥȥ·Ѳˡ 
ŶȻһӯأȻͷкӣɣ 
һۣ̾ƽĵȴ޷ƶʹ΢͡ 
һξãϸƤߵĺôǶôĴ󡭡 


˰죬ɽ·תҪδڻѩҪžṦұڡ 
мṦǷľЩɽ£Ҷ˽ԷǵУ˼Լ֮о˵ 
ǸߴʤʱһͣپͰ˶ð˼ܵľ׼ַˡҹɽ硣 
˵ûоṦ·֮ûϵô˴ 
·ľͻȻǰһֻɽڣƬ֮˵Ǵ˴ 
š߹ȥľְ֮ 
ֻɽȻ濴Ǳѩǣʵһ޴ĺʯŰ壡ʯŰѩɫ죬걻ѩڸԷֱ棬ľָ޷˴Ȼһš 
ҵֻ͵˴ΣأСģ 
԰գľϸվһԡ 
΢΢ͷһʹƿףľƵ֪ţ֮ܿľһ㡣 
֮һȣȱ֮ϾȻͷҹ飬ȫͨϵʯס 
תͷȻ˵ڴ˴ҡ 
Ҫ 
֪Ӧ΢ƣðɣҽȥ 
Ǻǣ߰ɣ 
ľϸӾɵĿ⣬Ȼǣ̵֣Сȥһɵδ֪Σյȵ 


















10 

˵ 
š 
ӳҹ鵭âȵӰǰС 
ͨڷҪĵطӦò˰尡֮Ķ𣿡 
ȻΣһϽسǽϵС͹㡢ϵСӣһӰŹƫƫԸ˵ǽͻȻʲôģСʯͷӷ϶ 
̶һҪҪҰƣԹ졣 
ȵԶûֹѾãûпκرණ·ûκβһлȵһͨ׵ġ 
ˣȵʱʱ£һԻԽУԽǻǣкܳһʱû˽ˡ 
ףȻһ̵ע⡣ 
˳ߣ谵ȱ֮Լ֡ 
Ȼȥȴֹ 
жᵽֵǽ΢΢ĸζ˴󵨸˸õƤ⣬վʧζȴѩɽ֮˸˵ľ档ǰĵԼܼɭɭãû߼жߡ 
ѩ׵ָּ̽ȫӲȱϵĶƤڴֵ˲䷺ 
Ȼվһûֹ֪ڵѪֿܵڱϵҩ 
Ƭ̻֣֮ǰ··ڱϡǽϵһһŻ˿չֳһȫͬ· 
ȻüȿƽȴԽߡ캮·ѵ˴ȼգҹ·ȴ޷˿ֻּгָȱڵоֱܷ京塣 
̽޷ٵðֻ޹ָҪж 
֮֮ϸ֮ʹǸиҲδܷ 
߰ɡ 
ûע⵽˼кһڡ 
ȵܹһߣ̲Ľǰͷһ˫ǽ䱸 
εİ߳һʱѾߵ˾ͷ 
ͷһͨͨľţһƿˡ 
ľһĺҷ絹˴ѩƬ߳⣬Ȼ֮ͨϣͷµԨȻƶǴǵɽĳλã˴ɽڴΪ䣬˶ĿͬƬһա 
ͻȻ¡һ죬ͷȥ˳ŻȻرգ濴ľʵŰȻǼӲĺţж书ҲƻǱⲻСķϿ֮ˡ 
û·𣿡ǿڷѩз 
̻ܣִ˴ʮҪ⻬ɽ£ǰ׵ϿȣûѵĿܡ 
ӡ 
ͷ˳ָ˼ڱµʬ塣ñõʬΪѩδиãǰһ̵ò 
Ȼȥϸһߴµʬ壬ֻüĿƸͷǰ߰ʤѩ漴Ƚе¡աѩħͷĺѩԭ׷ɱ˾ȻȻֿ˿һؤʬ壬ѵʧʮǰؤɣ 
ᡣ̼ؤʬߵ̫ƽģֻ˹ͨڣϹʮͭ壬κη첹ۼĺţƤǴһǿ׳Ұţá 
ȻȻȻʮͨݡؤʮ벻ؤҲĴа 
̲ 
е֣˵ǵ书µһ㱻ڴ޷뿪ҲŤˡӦǰ˼ֲ£Ż˿ֻšʲôأ 
Ȼȥ̽ʬȴķӦʱȻ£ 
ůģ 
ůһæǰȥһѽȻʬ壬ץסղŴʬ֣ʬů 
㶳ɵ˰ʬҾˣ 
಻Զѡ 
䣬ȻѾȫžһڵء 
̲ѩ׵Ĵָʳָ֮һһ޵Ѫð˳ĺ˲仯ɱ顣ѪСķȻУ֮䣬ָָͷ֮һëߴϸ͸˳ʧѩء 
˵ʧ٣ȻֻѩϾ㵵ĿղŷһСֲЩָǰ˾֣ЩĪĹƳռĿ־岢ǳܹܵġ 
ҶѪƣϲѪ塣̽¸ϣվ˹ƽηѪ 
԰գͻȻ󣬽ƤѪѪҺӿȪˮ׹棬ذ׵ѩȾʺ졣 
ѪƽѩͻȻӿɧѩеĶɢӡ 
캮˿ں̣ܿüͷ塢۾գϸһ˿Ѫʡ 
Ҳ֪˶ٸ˿ڣѩѾѪģˡѪѩȻһȦĹƳ澡ϡ 
ʹƤ޷̵ɫҡҡλε֪ʧѪࡣ 
ֻ˺Ȼҧ˫ɢоʹҲûУһ˫ֳϢ 
ȷѪΧȻᱻѪ˺ƶصĽŲߵȥʵʬǰ·ҵһƾɵСľӣȻСĵķ뻳Сÿ˴˶ֵ߻ҵ˺УȻʬϵѪҵıֻѪܹȡá 
Ҫת뿪һתһıҲ޷֧ųص壬ͷȥ 
ӣȻһԾһƽеϷ鱻һѪķȡ 
νס壬ȻӿͬϯһС 
ѩѪƶ汻УӪѪƵʬ˲иƬ 
ȥ 
ھ£Ѹ͵һһжƳ£Ԩ֮С 
¶ʯʵ棬ܿ㱻ƮȻµѩǣ겻ʷ 
ȻŬ۾ʧص 
һյʱ䣬ͷŵڷѪָƽյƽ 
һʧˡȻ̾˿ȻСؽ̱΢ĵط£ϸ˿ڣѩϾΪҪԵʶƤѪ˿ڵĵط 
һ̣Ȼ߳²߶ݺݵʲôС巢ĸôΪһɵԲСĺᣬ۾ˮˡ 
ҲǱ̰۾Ȼδԡ 
˵Ǳ㻹ϣе߳ŭȻһལȻ˼ֽҲҪһºɣղЩӣҪʧѪ˵ĻһһᱻǶԵ 
̺˼һ£˵ǵҲǡ 
Ȼһۣ㵽ǲŵͷĿ㲻ΪԼ룿ͨЩʱ򶼸ý۵˶ 
𣿡۷Ц⣬֮ҡ 
㣡˫͸÷ܿһе۾һз·Σ֪㲻ᶪңҾԲ㲻ܡᡭ˵ôֱоպȣȻæתƻ⣬ղʬЩʲôҲЩҧ㰡 
̻ӻｫľͳȻҽľơ 
ҪȻԵҡͷͨʱ򽫶иˣȻ͸ýˡҲŲҪԴȥأҪؾһأ 
Ư۾ůھʧұܡ 
ԡȻºӲڻУǺܶҩɣҪǰ嶼ʴ˿˲ã 
ҩ֮ܽ 
ҮصôܣԭǶҩǽⶾҩɶ֣ɵĿһֵۣòֽЩ򵥵һ֪ʲôְɣⶫͽСⶾ 
¶ˡ 
 
Ǽ򵥵ȴ̺֮⡣ 
ⶾζ֮ 
˵ϾΪﰡ 
Ȼ 
Ŷ 
ޡ 
ףͻȻðţĻȻ˲Ǹ޻еҹĴ˲ڿҪ촽ϸޣ 
ûע⵽еĶҡƯ︡Ļɫ 
Ϻܶޡ 
ϲ޻ϾΪ˿ɽҰ޻ 
š 
Լϲõ״θ֪ϲĶȻͻȻ˷Ȱ飬Ҹ޵ĵطСӣȻڶӣǺǡÿϾ͵õĻпǣ 
ĿָȾʵûǵʱأ 
ȾưȻһȾƵƣ㸺ȥѻʹĹ͵ſ˵껨Ҳܺãþǡ 
أ 
ң¶һƻı飬ȻǸ 
 
̲˸ 
𣿡 
š岢δܱȻȫӵֻСȡůĴè塣 
ԽԽˣǾҪˡ 
ᡣ 
 
ƣͷƯӣȥȻǳմı顣 
һͿ 
ô˵ 
ˡ 
 
⵽ƭ˶ٸΪΪøǽһžԴ򲻿Ӣۺܰ 
ⲻǿ𣿡 


˻ֻ߳˱ʱӶʱȡ 
ǿڽ̫â֮ʱȴǶı֮ 
һСĵȻһ߳ȵ 
ѩֹͣĻսȴ˵սľ 
ֻľϸӶ˱ʮؤΧЩؤǹ߸ڴĸ 
ס֣ 
Ȼһ֮ǿúеȻһ׷Ȧ⡣ 
̺߳ɱ羰˵һ䣺Сѩ 
ղŵĽȫûӰ 
ľϸӼ̰ȻҲ˲Լ˺ۣæǰʺ 
ʼһ֮Ŀһɨڳ˸ľս 
ľЩһۣشȺؤ͵͵ϵɽʥأͼȵ 
Ȥ۾һͷˣȻСȳؤ 
ȳߵûбŵȻͻȻ˵ӣôӣ͵˰ƾȻЩаħᣡʶľͿԹԽƣҲֵ֮飡 
Ȼһüͷ壬ܿͻƤЦ߸磬ǲŪ˰ֻһ޴ӣ˳ôаأЦҲ 
ߣҪ˲֪ǼĪΪλŴ϶ҹǱ䣬֮ƾͲɣ㻹˭ǰЩ͵ 
½ǲǶһְֻ 
ȻĪ⣬ȳͷԣô֪ģ 
½ϡȻ 
ֹ˲ͣѹȵؤɧ 
ϻ˵Ǿݣ 
ߣַʥأΪܻ뿪𣿡Ȼҵ˲֮ˣȻѣľϸǿ׼ӭС 
ۼһս޿ɱ⡣ 
ȵȣȻ̾һġϵôһ죬ȴ֪Ȼ֮졭תͷȥһĬĬվһԵ̣кޱ飬˼ 
ҽȻ 
ҵȻ֪ȳ߰ڳһ㵱ɵϰı顣 
üǵðְɣ 
ϻףѵ˵ 
û֮ӡ˻Ȼƶ˵ɣҸʧɢ꣬Ǵħؤ֮սϵġ 
ô˵ǴνȰ޴Ӿ㣿 
Ȼһͷ 
Աһӽеʲôƾ˵ǰĶӣ 
ƾ֤ 
ؤԶղŵ˵ʾɣг嶯ִǰɱſڴƻƵļһ 
Ȼ˵ļߣٴתͷ̣·һ 
ȻȻ˵߸磬ǲ֪˴Ӧ֪о綾˶ǳеĽⶾʥֶ˵ҩɽ⡣ֻʱ΢ѹȴܻ⡣Ȼͳƣƣǰֽҵģ·ҵӦ 
ȳһ㶣Ȼ֪ѵ˵ҽҩģֿ˿վһԵľϸӣҵĽⶾʥҩ 
һĺȻѹҪʹصǡ 
ȻѪյľͰͲסǰȥҪһ 
ȻվǶȻȫûܣۿҪС 
ס֡ 
Ȼ޼ҷŭĳȣı䣬һ¶Ҳû˵ 
ľͣסҪȻͷĹȻʢŭȴ޷ΥΪʲô 
ľֹ˶ӵʡ 
ⶾ㡣 
ôԣǿഫĽⶾʥҩ׾ͽһˣ 
ɽ 
ǡ 
ȳߵϲҩﻹ̵ˣ׷ȥȻѡ 
ӣ㻹Ҽ㻹ΪĸŹأ 
ʵӢ۳갡Ժؤȫˣ 
ǰǰ 
иЩУȻУֻĨԶȥʧããѩɫ 
ʱһ𣬿ѳΪ 














11 

궼̳֮ԺӣȥȫһӪĵطڵӵľҡ 
ؤסҪǸûʵĻǻõؤ 
ƾɵķ˴ĸɲݣֻһͷԴʬһǶ 
λħ֮ս¾ȰٵýⶾʥҩȰһǰ֮ӵĴ󹦳Ȼ 
ؤӸֻûλˡ 
ʵҲû㣬ҪΪؤûôǮ 
Ǹԣ֪ûϴͳòӬҲҷɹȥ֪ûԴ֪߰֩ûϴֱҪùóˡؤȴʮָԵģ𽥳ΪڵӷЧ˵ȥʮа˾Ŷܳɹ 
Ҫͷֵ𣿡⴫СС 
ǰôˣ 
㻹Ҵɫȥ 
ɾˣ 
û˵ֵɫˣϻиɵϴɫ·߽ȥһأ 
ŶŶллֵѣȥ 
ʲô˭ɫ˰ֻǿɫ·һ´һǸǴ˰ˡ 
֪ˡ 
뿪֮ѽһ£ԲʥҩΪϰ˶Ҳܾؤ֮λ 
ϲ˵ȴͻȻóĬˣΪȱ˸ᾲ 
֪ϢƫƫͲȥ 
ؤµһɣûɶ࣬ؤ࣬ҸطǵӰҪ̽Ϣ׾ٵ顭 
ðɣţ 
ŵϢȥؤĿϰͷȥ 
ÿһĨɫӰҵ˰ʹ̡ 
Ǳˡˡ˻ã΢һϢƫƫǸȫû߷ŭ𱸵ĻûСʹϵؽġ 
ϳε˫۾һ̻飬ÿÿΣֻ¶ 
ԴݶȻӱȥ 
ͻȻžžĽŲؤӶһ˳ȥ 
ֹһֻһѼŮͥԺȻֻͷ¶βӣҰɾʮŰٿĭ 
ŮӺûڵ£ؤ̳Ұ 
Ȼң 
е죬ȻӲݶֻ䣬˾Ȼʷ 
Ȼҹ 
ûӦѾס紵ľűһǲҵߵڵأӰһ 
˵Щ֪ôȥ·ؤŶҩˡ 
ǸһڲݶȻʷﳤһӣ絽Ͻ 
л˵ 
֮˵ 
û 
ӻ˵ʲô 
˵֮䣬ʷгʹʮкɱҪȡȻĲɶأƫƫо½Ƕ 
ҺڲҾߣЩĩĸɲ֮û̫ʧ 
ʷ޷һҧҪŰ 
ȻȥԼƲסˣæֹ㣬㵽ʲôİ 
ʲôʷݵһۣɱˣ 
ɱ˭ 
ָᵯ𣿡 
ȻĬһ󣬰еĲʵǡģ 
Լġ 
еĿ־ɢȥȻ顭 
ʷһŻĻֻҪɱ򵥣 
˵ʲô 
һǰȥҲ˵ǰǸŮӣȻһѾס죺ôˣ 
㻹˼ʣŭ˦֣ʷŭ˸˽ǹŵΪƽ޹ðôķȥȡʥҩԸϷ˵ľҩ 
ʲô˵ʲô 
˵öϷ˱żһ˵书ûһȵšʥҩ֮κ˶ֺܶǴôҩȻͬʱȥڵѪϷ˵ĶҲ޷ڿɺˣûʥҩϷ˶֪Ŵ㷴 
Ȼҹ̴̴ľڳƴѪ֮ĺ 
ڡ 
Ҳ֪һȥͽɵ˶ϳţܵǣ 
Ҫȥ 
ȻһԾ𣬶ǷһɨգʷҪ뿪 
ֵܣҪȥ 
ͻȻһͺؤһӶȥ· 
ҪҪ죬½ϸ˵һ 
½һ۸ʷ˵ֵĪҪаħһɣؤЩаֵۣͬء 
δȻ˵ʷѰβסЩŶߣֻԶĹ 
 
Ȼһֹ˵ĽʩȻ˵ѾؤֻһҪȥҵɡ 
½һ㶣ҲЩʲôߵߡΪħҰﲻǰӽȻʶôаħΪ飡 
֮λ޴ǡ 
㡪 
㣬ߡ 
ȻʷͷҲ뿪ؤ̳ 


̧ͷʵ۾ϰŵĹעһգһգǡ 
Դ͸СС촰ϸǻϣתʹ 
׹˶أ 
ѩɽ֮Ҳ֪˶á˾˯˯˾ѣѭ 
еʱ򣬻Ĳȥо˷ľʹ 
ĵʱǣȻΪһһǻߣ󣬶һϤЦ 
Ǹˣ֪ȥûС 
һΣƽһҪߵˣȴƭԼ 
Ҳƭɣ 
ûи߹ʲô 
ֻ֪Ȼġʲô֪ 
Ҳֻƭɣ 
 
书˵õˣĿģ 
 
ء 
ǸƤЦףֻƽ 
̶𣿡 
̵Ļ롣 
ҰϲĻƴˣǺǡԵĺӣҪúõĳͷһޣ 
 
ԭ𶥵ʹġ 


ȷ𣿡 
һҶȻС̽ͬ˴ʷ 
ҹ̴궼ݣŴլɭϣвͽȫѪ塣 
Ϊ˱ݾߣ˻˼ҶΣҹ͵լ 
ʷһۣ¾ŵӣһ 
 
Ŷ 
طĵξϷסøһ޴Žܾһδ׼ߡ 
Կ׿ϡǸͷӿɲǸöԸĽɫ 
ȻһЦ鷳ˣֻӻһϸ˿õģƬ̾žһȥܴ򿪵ôˡ 
ֻӣôһ֡ʷһ䣬漴˵磬ȥžȳѧèУҪ뿪֪𣿡 
šȻӦһΡ 
谵͵ȱо඼ҪϨ˰㡣 
֮ͣĴһܷΨһһͷСڴȻһشǸС춥С͸¹⣬΢ˡ 
ÿһ˱ˣûһˡ 
߶ֻȫãѾͬһ࣬ƫƫȥá 
ÿ쿴һңȷǶ˲̣ȻɤŵĲ΢ƽһ㣬һ˾ԻңԽԽ¡ 
òװеҶ쿴һ飬ȷûһҪҵˣŸоԼѣǸղűġ˿תһȴֲˣ̲ǹѺĻأ 
 
ƽдĸèӵ洫 
Ȼһźţת뿪 
վǰغʱʷæʵҵ𣿡 
δҡͷʮӰ˷˳Ϊ£ 
ЦȻҲΪͨͽôߣʷôĵӣҹţ 
ߡʷ¶ҲΣǾ˽ţңȰ㻹ջͷǰſǲ 
˭ңΥϷˣȥѰʲôʥҩͼѣѷͱţȰ㻹ǲҪˣ 
һֱǶԻĬȻͻȻʵǶʲô 
ǣʲôҲֲؤңɫһ츩׾ܣпһȫʬ 
Բѣʷ˫һţϸͬϮ¡ 
ֻһϸ룬һ䣺С 
Ƕˣվŵӿɲùеֻһ㣬ڵϰŲѡ 
ͬҹȣӰ֮ɻȣ㲻ĵӶǵİˣȴҲǰæ 
£ڳʲô 
ŮͻȻ˵սţ漴һ̴ľǵս 
ϷˣæȦ⣬ڵӳ򵹡 
Ӵ̶˰ȥλŮ̶İɣ˯Ү 
Ȼһȴ˴ӺסһȻɽľϸӶˡ 
ľҡҡͷʾҪ嶯 
Ůƺ̽úǸˣҰѣ𣿡 
䣬ֻŵڴƺ֮ 
̶治ģ 
ﻹ˵ǷеɽڵȴȻżһ㣬Խͷ 
֮ڣɫĲԵɭɲ 
ȻǺ֮˳ǷѰȥ 
Խᣣĵطҵ̡ 
ܵĥûһܱȵϴʱ˿Ŀ龰 
ӡ 
̱һִסӣ˩һڴֵĴϸҵĲѾȫ˵Զ룬ѩɽϵĲλȻûеõƣŨˮѪ֭ģһƬҲ̶ãǿ屻ĥĹƤ֮²ʱйƳƵĹĶ˵ȱֱ 
Ȼ߹ȥ§̵壬ѲŸоõ΢΢¡ 
΢شһҺ𣿡 
̶˯úܳءôϷ˵֪ﴫ 
㣡ֻ֣һֳһᣣϣĲ˲ɿɽʯĸֱޡ޻磬֮ǧ˿ƵĲ᣾˺ѡ 
ʲôҪҪ˺ᣰ 
ļ˵սľһ죬ƿնȻвһĲ˲չɶƣС 
ǻˣҪҵ̶𣿣ҲӦ 
ڰϷ˱߼ţ˷綾İȻеĲﾭס̣ܿͱһƲֻٹƬѲֵܵޱȵĹ 
ơݡ 
˻Ƶ鲻Ȼд 
ӣˣδ䶯˫ȷʵ˵˻Ȼ˲侫ֻһϲᣵȥٶϮİϣӲǽŲɼʯݶһ͡ 
ԣһ죬ݶڱһ󶴣ɫ͸£յû谵ĴһƬ 
ҪҪҵ˳ļУֻһϸŮӰڽ䣬ƴ˫ԼϸָôҲڲס¶ѱٵóª 
ͬԵҹȻѪëȻ 
ͷ˿ԼƣȻһ˩ס̵ֵÿ˲ͬͭ㱻ϣҲΡΣյһǵŮӣɱΣһǽҪɽϵʬͬһ³ 
Ȼס֡ 
˻Ƶĸ̸ѵ촽﷢ 
ˣȴֹȻķ 
𡭡ɱ 
Ϊʲô׹һ֣˺㣡Ĳ 
̼Ŭ۾ʹ٣˫಻ɳ 
ߡҡߡ 






12 



ѵ̣Ȼ̴̤߳ľ 
滢µϽţݺݵĵŶˡ 
ֵܣߣľƴվ͸ɱһԵľҲսй׼ƴ̡ 
Ǳ¶ŵʷһȻȻ֮ɫȻ࣬漴˲١ 
ȻһƽЦ飬â¶ɷ˸˰㣬ħϢϣʶῴ˵Ⱦ书Ҽ̰ȻϷоȳĺ 
ǷҪң 
ȻΪ׵£Ȼʻ˵Ķз·ѰǷ뵽һ㡣 
һʧ㡢ϰڤħ书ħͷ֮һĵ书˵˹ƽһʹɱݡȻ֪ΪʲôëСӾȻϰħڵ书ȴؤ⡣ 
ߺߣǷ̵΢ЦȻľƺϰΪֻ书ְˡ飬ҾڳȫֻǡΣյɨڳеŵӣҪĵѡ 
Ϊǰ׷̳ӵʣµȫЩδɶӲҲûбʤİա˼ֻһ֣˵շ̡ 
һ֣ڵɢֿ 




ȥģŴլľеãȻʵ 
ľһΧȻʱǣѱղܵϮҿǾ뿪Ϊϡ 
ɷȻͷ̲԰ɫа΢΢Ѫգҡͷ˵С 
ʷҲ͵̫ˣסģǻڸҸŵĵط˰ɣ 
˵ĵɣһԵľƺˣҪһϮǣǿɾˣ 
ߡѵʷﲻмһۣǵľ屩ףɰ̸ڳ 
ȻǸˣҲֻ취ˡȻεЦЦ˵λֵ︽סǾ԰ȫģȥæɡ 
ʷľƽ飬ľԣҲֻóĬһԡ 
˵ʱҪŵŶֵܡ 
Ȼ˽ݳڣÿһ̵ֽš 
ֻһţҹ˫Ŀȴ֮аħ 
硭 
㰡һۣȻɨɨˣ鷳ˣ 
е£ԡȻƺλֳʮη壬ƽԣȻϹϾ 
ɡҲкˣһɫӰͬȰʧˡ 
ľϸȻǸһЦȻȥأʵĳܺõġҽɣ 
ᳵ·̵ֽĺԺССȻǸԺӡ 
ٺúľΪСĴ˱˿ڣٶȰϣɫΪء 
Ȼæʵôˣ 
ľ̾˿Ѫ屾ͲЩƳ棬ȻϷöҲֻһʱ̵ЧϵĹƳ类ĶҩҲʧֻǡ 
ֻʲô 
ϷƺһЩţ壬Ϊ١ټϽѾãƤѾϣҵڡ 
ɷ 
ľƵͷԵģҪ߱ѪʷЧһ֮˾ͻᱻ̺ 
Ȼԥ˵ 
һԵľɲˣ㻹㣬Ļܴش 
ȻɫȻľƺľһۣѵ𣿡 
ľ廹Ҫȴж䱻ͻȻס 
˶ʷǷʹľͷСӣû±Ϲ£ﶾ㣡 
ιŮô񰡡 
µԶȥľưһЦһ֣ȻһϣͰˡȻ󣬹ȥ 
ֻʣ°ѺʮѵĶˡ 
㡣 
̵ȻӴϴȴȻһ 
㡭𣿡 
ģȻߣǲ԰ϵı顣 
ȻƤȥ̵ͬ߰û˿ 
ûС 
ȻûУΪʲô룿 
ûҪԼƳ롣̱۾ȥȻϵ飬಻ñѾƽ˵ٶȸеʹ 
ƭˣûС 
оůָϣٸҹԼʵ˵Ļȴܾޡ 
߰ɡ 
Ҫ 
ѹϵˣ䶯ţڵĶ̽ס 
ѹˡԲ𡭡Բ㲻ҪôСò 
ˣ뿪ˣƤȴڶƲȥ 
ҪĻشȻΪɥˡҰҩ˶ԲԣǺã㣡һ漴ϡһ죬Ǳ֮ 
Ȼ˵Ҫ˺Լõԭ£̻æ˫Ҫֹ 
ĿȻʮǷƤЦдҾ֪᲻ã 
ǳȴһԣٰ̰Σ˸ 
Ұɣ 
ȻҪƸϵޱ 
 
ôˣ㻹𣿡 
ѣȻı飬֪˵һ⸱鵽Сֻ˵Σա 
ŶŶҾ֪ǵңȾĻһʮЦȻ˰ָͷţİɣһúܺõģ 
ԥƬ̣ǹִҡͷ 
ȻֱһյߺߣɵˣΪڻΥ𣿣̫ˣ㻹ǹԹԵشҰɣѽƻŮʱļЦȻЬ粽ϴֽŰǵ£˵룡 
ԥǲ˵Լһֻͨ˵Ѫҹⶾ 
ҹòЩ˲εĶɣ 
ǲǲΡ 
ҵȻ֪ôҲǸܹѵģôٴϵѪҩɽ𣿡 
Һʱ˵ 
ŬĴԴļȥڷѵһɥŶû˵ҩɽ⡭Ҳ̫ͨ˰ɣôĶҩӦúܶܶҺѺĹҩƺܾúܾòܳɹ𣿡 
˭˶˹ 
ȷʵû涨ⲻԵĿ𣿣ôĶҩ˭µõͨĲҩܽⶾ 
ȻյԴҪȥҹ 
ղľѾˡ 
ףղľƽĶȻһȻҹ 
ףɽѪ 
ŶԹԵҧһѹ¡ 
һ˵Ź 
ŶȻŹѨλøѹѨڵƳƤ֮ͻ֮ʱյǴоͬްĴ̻һʪĺš񾭸ӽͻȻ͵һһ֧ţʱƷ׼Ȼһҧڳݼ䣬תͷڵϡ 
Ѩλ徭֮֮д̼ȫиУڸγ룬˵ȷʹбīݡһѣڴϵʹ۷ڣҧҲ޷Ҳ 
𣿡ȻСĵָᰴƳѨλƤϣܻʹ 
ԡݼ˵סԵĸоָʾá 
š 
֪ʱ˵棬Ȼ˵Ѩ롣 
ŭŵӵĽԽԽǸɶŮ˶ԴԼĶӣȻҪѨ˽룬ЩҪѨַ 
ûһȻȴܴˮ֪ǸǶô̵ʹ 
ðɱˣ 
һʱò׽֫Ľ붼 
ϵ˴ѪĽ룬ϵ촽ҧƳѪȭͷʳָС 
ӡ𣿡 
䶯һ촽ѪȵζҡҡͷʾѾûˡ 
Ȼ飬ϷŹ 
еģ 
 
糺ɫȾѩ׵գ 
ﰡ 
ɵԣڿָ֮ʱһѪҺһ˲ӿȻԴϡ 
ɡȻ˿ĭ˿µԴڡ 
ǡͷȥѵõĲ˼мǡ 
ʲô 
ȵȡ 
ȻֹĿ΢ſһ㣬ڸ֮ϵѨλ롣 
󹦸ɺȻֱֱˣȴͨ죬Ѫӿ֮¶š 
ӣôˣ 
Լ֣æ̡ 
߿ 
ȥѾָȴĻƺΪסȻ§֣ôˣнûƳ𣿣 
ǣߡƴסӿȵղѨѰ֮õģܵ˴̼ﻹܿƣƿߵˣԼƲס˺ȴȻסϷſ 
ǲǸղۣҪȥѨλϴЩּӲԴͷ 
߿ 
׵ı飬޵ݵƿȻҪ´ȥ 
ҪߡûͷԻҰ޻ʲôȻֻǲٿǹ¶ȥӰһ§ס̣ԴıϣҴӦ㣬ϴ뿪ҵʧ󣬵Բˡҡ 
ʹ̻ת⿪ͷѵ¶ң 
˫¶ӣȻֻǻָ͸ 
ǵġ 
§סįԼѹڴϡ 
;ˣ벻ô 
ͿҧȻĲӣ۵壬ԭҰޣҲϲӵأӿ񱩡 
оϣҪԵء 
ȵȣԵ 
ͻȻѹоӲĳȰͼԼǸȥСѨ 
찡Ҫ 
˱ܵķӦĽ̵ļ򣬰ǸαȼʧȥԵ˿ȥ 
ۡ޷õ滺иʹؽ۵˫üȾѩ׵壬Ȼ˵Ķˡ 
ɾˣҲҪѹ氡 
İţȻ¶ı飺һº𣿡 
Ҫѵԣ촽סੲݵͣΪֹļ˵ϻ 
ءȻֿһвɣֻϿı飺ӡҲҪ۵ġҪ 
ǰڳֱҪŰźţƫƫ˵ȴ쳣ЧȻѾҪջˣǲ뿴ƤЦϳֿı顣 
֪ˡ 
˿۾ȥڵ˶û˵ȥסԼͦиܵɶ£Ӳǽ߱˳ 
Ȼ۾ֳŰȴɳ壬Լ滺ľգΪ΢촽ȵϢķΪջ󣬡ֱճҺĸע⵽ԼиѲʼįվˣ 
ǸȻӦץһԾ´ŲĵĴҴҳ 
ιҿô찡 
ءȻɻ 
ɡɡɡҪ氡 











13 



峿̫ˬȻųое㺮ĳ粻˸硣 
ĵܣ˯Ŀɺã 
ɭɭŵ 
磡ϺáԹ̵ܽĺӣȻվȴѵ 
Цݸ۵ĺϣղҲ˸оҹɭ 
ǳ 
أǳң̳Ŷ֮Ǹƽ˶Դ类һţûüͷ治ʶȤĴ󹫼Ѿˡ 
ԱߵĿͷλѾúˡ 
лллġҲΪסԼֵܵĵطŻ˴⡣ 
ʵǷסȷʵס 
Ȼ˸ѵ̧ͷʵ硭Ǽ䷿ 
΢ЦͷûŵջĶ 
۰ 
Ĳҽл峿ѱǳߵ˶ˡ 
ôˣһʱӷһԾȻǰȴԼãվ˲ҵҡһ£ݺºȣǻһ˿ѪҺ 
Ȼæסҡε壬𱸵ôȥϢ 
û˵һ˫Ŀ䱸Ŀ 
ע⵽ζ飬Ȼð亹æ͵磬ҵѣ 
Ŷǰصҡҡ׹ȴڲȥӣȻЦȤȤȻתﳤȥ 
صĴ˿Ȼ̣ģҵ磬ôġ 
šλͻȻð磬ȴûжʡ 
ȻĨȥ˿۵Ѫ˿ϱָȻԼѪˣʼںһ㡣 
˵Щʲôȴƺǣ֮ĿͻȻĬˡ 
㲻𣿡Ȼϲ˵ȰͲס 
̵ĿһۣҪ˵ʣʲ˵ 
㡪̾˿˫ӣ˭ܲΪ֮۷Ӱʵ֪ܶ飬ȴȥʣǿ˵ҳ軵ġ 
 
㰡ʵ֪Ķ𣿿ɾǰʶ桭һۣȻЦҲƵùǺǡ 
صƺܵЦݵĸȾ糿Ժӻָˬ 
ҸŶأ 
֪ 
ô֪ģҶû߹ҮȻһݡ 
һһס̾ĺֲȡǵ̬ȡ 
֪Ǹղ˵ֻ뻺һնӦûи߹㣬ʵһа˸ֵܵġȻָͷ˵ȻûѪԵϵֵܻأҰеĵģǲǳܼ棬Ҳپۻᡣ 
Ϊϴβݷã 
ʵ簡ţȥҴңϡȻһȴǸɫӰ˵ʵǸר׽ĵʿ˯Ǹ䡭ٴ̧ͷȷǹ컯գ׽ĶҲǸղŲ֪ģޱеñȣʵϲ׽Ūˣ 
ʲȻĲҽУԼʱ򿴵Źȵ飬ƽտȥ첻µزµ˾ȻЩ׽֮ 
̵ǲе鴤 
ԥһ£ȻڵպܺãʵǸӡ㻹ʥҩ𣿡Ȼԭ£Ͼû˵ܻпʯͷϲָо 
峺û˿֮ɫһ˿ײº͡ 
ͷϴȴδܿܿɹľһţ˽ҵʥҩȥˡҵǺӦõġ 
ɵϡ 
 
ϰȻŴ͵ɵ̲δС֡ 
һδǳ 
˺þãȻòײ˼ЦŶǺǡѾõˣǸҲ޲ǺǡҾ֪ӲôСģǺǡ 
ҲǸֳһССĽǶȣ̿Ǹֵˣ˵ծ賥 
ιδ̫С˰ɣղŻɥѵϱ˸͵ƤҪһǮҲûǮ㿴һһطóչʾһƲԱʾԼȷʵծ˾Ҫʡ 
С 
ע⵽˫Ӵĳвɫ´Լ壬Ȼϻѹϵ£æһԾ˱ĵ֮⣬еҪҪԲҪҾԾԲģ˵꣬Ҳ˲࣬չʾǾṦֻèĺӰȥ١ 
ǡǺǡ 
ů֮£õ΢Цƽ״ڴ̿д 
ͱѶһ͵ղһĻʷˣ°Ͳûϡ 
찡ǵ𣿣 
ûƤߵĿΪԼŮҵͭľ˶ɴ۾ǡȫƫǵ 
ǵӲһЦ˪𣿣 
ʶģǶԼ̧ͬͷ˿̫ķ򡭡 




Ȼֽסգల¡˲ûɧţ˵Ϥ֮£帴ԭúܿ죬ѿ 
һСǸеĵľǳȥéӵʱ򿴼Ȼ֮ǰסǸлⰡӰӰ֮ĶľƸʷȥȴʲôûС 
ʵȻʼ磬Ǻڵʱ˵͵ûˣ 



ֽ̣һֵϰߣÿ쵽ʱȻͻ쾮һСɣϺú裬ֵţ̣ܹŹ֣ζȴ쳣ˡѪյСǵǰʱǹУһȻȫ̶θڣٿԻһ¡ΪŮӵʷ˵òʱ׽ŪǸ׶ľ壬Ⱥá 
СľϣŨĲ裬ԱһµСɺʵ̽ԼϲüУոտõС˴ެ˵þѸɣǡóԿü 
ȻؤȻɢ̯֫Ե͵Сϡ 
ҪݵԣСĵĵŰ״ɱеĲ̵ı 
ˣľŭŸոϷŪĵò˵ʷľ뿪ɽ֮иоİº򾲾ĴԱߣȻһֱûиʲôʱĲ㶼׼ݵĸ 
ð˾û̾Ϣò¶֪ǳԺ֮ˡ 
ӡתתӣȻһѸɵСҪԣ֪ܵŴ͡ 
̺Ծؽ˵ıСĵ𣬸˽Ϊ֮۵黨ժҶַþѸһỴ̂Ȼͽ໴ĴС 
ľ׽ζɿڵıƺĳϣԽԽǻζǴ͸ѸɣˬʤۣΪδζıһֿڸС 
Ƭǿ˺ȻδͷһҪ 
ԱҲȻؤūۣľһ𣬴һҪô߰ 
ȻһЦ͵ҿΪðƣǻڰ֡ҵܿͻиʱŵ͵ϮŪֲģǺҲˣƣҿΪ밡Ǻ 
˼Ľͣľ˵úеȴܾȫûеɽǼȵùƦȻ 
ŵδָ黨ְñȻƤҲǽ֪ˡ 
ľʮؿʷרŸԵŮ˽Ȼ˵ 
ĻɹȻƤЦ 
Ȼ۽͵͵̡뿪źȥûƤߣ޵Ϊ겻Ӵ̫ʧѪӲ԰ףܶľϤĵȱһֺ 
ԸǵеǵɫظʷһĪҪ 
ıʱоһ񺮣űϾţʹڣǴ̹ǵıȴ˿ηȴѾࡣǰţ˵հЦɫҲ񲻿ܴϰ㡣뿪ţûЩΪ϶ĶŶ˵Ǽ¡ֻֿɷ⣿ 
黨ڵһ˱Ȼ˹ 
𣿡 
š 
ȻһЦָֻǽƻЦݣٴΡŴ͵ȴıڡ 
ˣֻĿϵηһƤؤ 
˵Ǳߵжδ̫˰ɣôڻʳ֮ȻЩˣʲôʱ 
ʷһЦȷʵǹһ㣬²Ǹôסˡ 
ҲǣһԵľصͷƺҪղΪԼ˵ϧС㲢顣 
֪ߣżһѰɣ 
㡪 
⼸һʼ̸֮£;ԻᱻԻˡ 
ֲֵ˾Ե˵ͬ飬ľϸطҿ鲢ô򵥡Щ죬ȴһ㶯ûУڸɢЩԳްζֻЯж˶ӦôˣһС㶼ν 
̫ƫƧ˰ɣľ˸ͣ˵˻ȥ 
ƫƧҲŵؽ֮У뿪ʱһֱˡ²֪ܲںδ 
˳Ϊ̫ɭˣҽ 
ľǾ仰һ£Сˡ 
ȥҲ⣬Це˵ҲҲ˵һŶ 
ȻڱԶЩľ廹֪˵ҲǰҾ˵ط׵컹ģ֪˻ΪûסĹأ 
ʵøסҲ־ˡ 
ô˵ľȻ 
΢΢һЦ˼űѸɶУ˵ŴҶ֪ʲôİɣɱ¾֮أλҰϲѪζˡ 
ҭס˰㣬ľǰҹʱĶ 
Ŀ˱۸ľһۣȻתͷȥǸ򣺡𿴰̵ܲġ 
Ϊ׵ľ̾˿ûɵһЩ 
ƲǸ׽ŪûͷɵϣĿԶһƳƣü׵ŪԹ죬ºʱܾһ̰ 
Ŀ⿴ȥ㵵ķǳԴͷȻŴլڵء 
һԾȴϱȻס 
㻹˹ 
ľ˵ҵȥ̽·԰գǽʩչṦŴլȥ 
ޱ飬ȴѴ˽ 
סʩȻô 
š 
㣬㻹ġȻи̴ľѪȳ棬Ѳסɱ˵ĳ嶯 
۾û뿪ƣûнͣȴ翵ϧ 








14 

̸ȻصŴլѾһƬ硶ߣһŰûʴլ˿ֻʣпɿջԻ͡ 
ʲô˰һ֮ҷ𣬲˾㵡 
̤լڣѪζϺſűս˵ĵʬ壬ڱ˸ָĶ̻չɢͷĿѣ˵Щ˶̲ϾײеַʵëȻ 
ʱ˵լڣǷҲ³ 
뵽Ȼһֶĺ޷ơ֮䣬벻жʱȱֻоԴһѣŲҲ鸡 
֮δ˿ֻˮɫȻһӣһ΢ʱǹζ 
Ȼʱ֪ΪھвգţǲǲðҲôһκβҵ˵һϰԹҸƿͲʲôĿĻ棬ƫƫ˫๾תľ۾ȴʮֿɰ 
еĹУ΢΢ͷӦ 
ţ 
ʷŵӳĶ㣬æӦ 
лڣ 
ҡͷ̾Ŀ̴ľʷæ˵²δҵϷ˵ĺǡ 
š 
Ʒ֮ͻȻȻϮɶ㿪ͷȥʱ˾Ȼľ壡 
㿪ľĻ蹳ϯƴ֮ơ 
ȻȻȴҲԸֻ֣ñ·ڶ棬ߴͣιιι˵ľү㿳˰ɣۣСѾûĹȥ˰ۣѵ˵ΪҽסĹǻҺж㷿棬ѾסûΣյˣۡûҪôɣ 
ĻԽԽǻϼͣľйøǺ 
ƽü壬Զ˵־ƺûмȥȤ 
ס֡ 
ҪһȻԴ룬ǵȺ׸ѣľڰ˵һԣ˫ĵסȻ 
Ȼ˫۾ɵò굽󣬴ӿļ̽Դթľͷ׼ҵΪ̡ 
вʣ̵ı䣬ľֻƿߡ 
һԿֵʷﰡй˰ 
ߣľһǡ 
ӺľƼΣ֪ԼǸԸĶֿƲסӲٵˣֻ̾һȻȭֵĪҪ֣СӾ̫ˡ 
һǣ 
Ļᶯ 
ʷﲻüľ壬˵ɵƾʵݰ 
ҵȻ֤ݣľתͷùľһڵϣںԺҵĴ򹷰ŵĸؤˣʲôͣ 
ţһ¡Ȼһӵϼ򹷰һЦһ㣬Ȼ˸״أͳƣؤרָϹõӣ׳ƴ򹷰Ҳ˽ʹҶ˰ɣ 
㡪ƤЦͨ졣 
ľֹĳ嶯Ȼ˵ҵ̽ȷ˿ؤڸǻؤйء 
˵ĲɣȻǲΪһɣô˵ҴҲѲ˹ϵɣ 
仰ͱˣỵ̄ƭȡʥҩĶȴҲʵȻѻԭ£ϾǸǰ֮ˡ 
ľһйһҪǰľüͷһʷָ˶Ű֮ʲôףҪȷˡ 
¼ɵӣȷֻ̾վԭأ·ʲôҲǰ㡣 
磬شۡ 
ǽͻȻһƺߡ 
ɫİټؤǽһΣһͺͷֵؤסֱ 
ؤƺûŪ˭ǸղʩŰ֮ˡ 
еֻ֣ȻЦò½ʣµֻҲ˰ɣѽĻ½ϡͱɡޱ½ϡ𣿡 
ˣʲôӢۡ½ϵ̡ 
ڴԶĹᡣ 
½ϱĮӣֻ˳ȻΪؤӣȻаħ 
˭аħڻһģЦͻȻȥԴôԵ֤ݻǲؤһҪͷ½ϴ·𣿡 
½һаħ˵ö֮ 
𣿶Ŷ˭аħءһ˫ϣâ¶ǰ 
ۼȻҪˮһȴֹ 
ҪΣ 
Ե壬ȴεҪ̤¡̵⣬ü 
Ǻǡ½Ϸ̶ļЦ벻㻹еТģߺߣؤ̳Ҫ˵Ļɣ 
 
磬ٶȴ̵ӣͷĺڷҲ 
ȴƶ 
¶ȴδ 
վɢɱŨζɢڿУϸһţȴִȳ 
½ղŵİôԼĻδ˿̸ǿ־塣 
ҴҶһ䣺Ҫ⣡æˡ 
ľƵƶҪ׷ȥ 
ߡ 
ϵŨζȥϱȴδֺ 
½ϵ书ǵУת֮ȥ١ 
Ǹļһ̷Ըǻȥ׼ 
ľϸʷʹ⣬Ҳԣȥ 
һ˲䣬ŵŴլڼž 
ɫӰڷ֮ϣʹ飬ȷޱȵļȣ·һʼֻ֮ 
Ȼһ̬û˿ǰοĶƽյԡ 
ֻǾվߣһ˼Ŀռ䡣 
֪ˡ 
ϧ⣬Ĳt⡣ 
֪֪ʱԡ 
ľһҲѰһ֪ߡ 
ʱҵˣȴǲϧ 
µ˿ĳ¶ʪˮɫĳۣ޳Կͦ 
Ȼƣˮ׹ģˡ 
еˮΣںڵķ㼯Ửޱ˿󵨵׺ڷˮϡ 
¡ 
̵ĻʵȻһʹͷϵܣȴ޷άɣӡ㻳𣿡 
 
ĻشȻ̲ס̧ͷ˫岻κԻӣֻǶЩԵŭ 
Σʱ 
ǺǡסЦԼİ׳գðɣðɣ֪ԼǱ˺𣿱ȻӺúÿǺǡ 
¡ 
Ǿ˵ȻʱľѲͬţˣɫٴγ֣ҪŲҪأҾҪȥ˵ĻҳԷס갡ʵ˭𣿣ҲŲôЩүأǾԾԾԸˣ 
´һ㲻ؤ𣿡 
ؤǲҪʳԷסģȻһֱµؤ֡ 
ŶŶˡȻȻǿʶĹѾ¯ĵزⶼ㣡ΪӲҪҸһԷһסջҶôˣڶıˣҪΰԲ԰ҶŶ 
ѵõģ̼ȥ 
ִ֪ƽֶЧȻƤЦôܲȥأƻûãľȻֵΣؤϾ˶ڣν˫ȭѵֻ֣Ǽǰȭѵǧְ 
ɫһ͸ΣյɫǶԸ㡣 
Ȼʼ磬һЦҲ֪Ҫҡ̫ˣǶһ΢תһķж֮¾ǲ߻ģЩϴǵȲ˰ɣȴû뵽ôһˡؤȡҩ͵ƶǵİ֮λǴϲҸǻһ𣬷һýڡǰðŽ̵ķ棬Լصıʬ˫γɫҺű𡭡ʵǲȥˡģҲԼȥ 
ϡ 
һССˮ黮ߣڹ⻬°ϹſҪء 
ȻסȥˮΣȻǲԸڵɷɻ 
ӡǰ㣬Ϊ㻹Ҫ 
˿Ȼմʪѣɵ۾·͸ǲĻ 
̥֮ʱѪա 
ȻϷŹ̵ְֲĸҲӵһǵհɣÿŻԼգȴĶӣʣޣʹһλĸ׷ 
Ҷòϣһ˿̵Ļɫݻָͻԭҡ 
кȻһͷ 
Ȼʧѵ˵㵽ʥɽȡҩҪҪڵѪָò 
̲ÿɷ񣬵˼֮tȴԾȻֽϡ 
ͦ棬Ȼǰȴֻһĸһ΢Цһӵĺӡ 
Բ𡭡˽ϣ 
ûлӦ̧ǸԾס˶ʮԺӣȻ 
޷ֻǵûծ 
ĻȻѹ˲ԼӦҪծ飬⻰ 
Ǹծôòҩծ⳥ɣ 
ǽģ̲׽Ū֮⡣ 
Ҳ⡣ 
ⰡԾԲҪѹ氡 
´һݵ׵·ǰϴ壬һ 
Ҫϴһϴ 
ȻࣿʲôЦѾؤɾؤˣͳһȫԭҲҲһҸɾؤˣȻ˵ࣿߣҪ⳥ҲˣҪҪ㣡ŭȻڲԣȫˡӿڳľԡ 
Ȼˣȴ֮ 
ۣǿЦȵȣ㲻Ҫ氡 
ݵ¶ŵ飬ѵõЦ⡣ 
ļĿĸЦС 
ȻЩˡ 
ӣЦúúÿ 
һ£СΪԼݱĸ޶һֱƤڣչǰƯҲ⣬δκ˳޹һ䡣죬״˱˿ее 
ÿ 
ţȻڼ;䱦СȻƽģòֶǾԲɫӰģͺñص񣬼ʹ͸ĵ˰Ϣ֡أҾ㻹ЦʱÿˣԺҪЦŶ 
Ŷ 
תĿ˿˰ױ䣬Ⱦ˽ɫ¶ȶøĿ˭˼ˣԴ˲Ϊе 
ող˼ҶЦȻתһȴֲ˷ıˡ 
Ц˭Ц˭ܱ֤ʲôʱðһƤļһȻûбˣǲҪðŸˡ 
Ӱ㻹ǲҪЦˡ 
ΪΣ 
޽ĵȻĽԼĺݺݵض²סȻһ˵뿴Ϊһ֮ЦĻûϰƤЦĻǻ˵ãԸ¶˼һڿЦأ಻㰡ǲ 
Ҳǡ룬ʵЦأ 
ŶˣҪЦĻֻЦҿˣĺãЦĻֻͺ 
֪ˡ 
˵Ŷ 
š 
ľƵˣȫ֪պҪǺ˵ıףȻɵġ 










15 




Ϧ궼ǱȾ˻ɫ 
żرյǰһ̣һſ궼ؽ硣 
ǰ̧ͷ˿¥ϵңȷ֮رתͷͬ麰ǵ궼ˣ 
һ˼һͷûлӦ 
һɵŮӲм㵱ǶϹӰôԶͿˣõ˵𣿡 
㣡Ӷʱ 
ѾǺֵˣϵĶ˸֡һǴѵؤƤЦںǸͨģü֮˾ôֻ˷âһϵ˴ͷɴñڸݣ޳μڵ˿˲˻롣 
ֻؤ֣ˣϢһٽǰɣƴô·ܲ˵ġ 
ްɴñ֮£˵Ļشʮ־ 
ۼؤһΡ 
ӣǻҰӰշ˹ȥһ̣һҪҶؤּۿ죬һѽ̽У˶صʹֻѩ׵ɴñԣľչǰ 
֮ڣѩձƾ񹤵ǧ˿١ 
Žǵ·Ҳվԭأ۾޷뿪ڻʫʥ³ֹͼ 
ǡΪʲô˵˾Ȼһڵؤڣδ棿 
ͼİܱ֮ 
һ˱Ǵݸ̡Ȼˡ 
Ȼĺãڶһ磬˰ݱ̵ֽĺ궼ؤ̳ȥ 
˿ӱޣһҲ֪˶ƥ̸ǵĸ׵İȫ·δܵҹ̵ĥ̤궼£Ҳ޷֧š 
ľƻæ˹ȥ 
Ȼ˱ɳݴ˿쳣󣬲˿ɫֻƺ˵Ϊǿ 
Ϲľ̵ΪֻоʱʱƬͣ١ 
軨 
š̵ͷľƵ̾ 
ôˣղŻܾ񰡣Ȼŵʵ 
û¡̰۾ľĪҪ˵ 
ȻĻ˼һƲʼӡ֪ô𣿡Һġѹ 
ۿ˫ںڵĴ۾Ҫˮˡ 
⸱ģֻò˵ 
֪ԼӶƤؤľʵ˵ûʲôֻöȶѡ 
öһҲûκǰصؤӣӦõϹһ·˳裬̸ûеıҪһֱߵΪʲôһ㶼ûз֣ 
ɻߣѵõĸе飬棬ű೾ŪɴñŬǲǸü 
ľƵ𱸣ܴͲø·ЩҲ֣ɫʮֺ˿ûƣļ󡣿ǰг̣Լ˶ȻѪ֮Σʼкġ 
ڡ 
ľ΢΢һЦްֻϢգѪڲдӶ˾ͿԻָ 
šȻвߺԼĴĴ⡣ô̵ܼѲʤظ 
˾񣬶ľƵ˵Ǹոյ̫ǡĿڶ࣬ҪСһ㡣 
ľƵͷڳҸطЪϢЩ㡣 




ᳵ·ȻڳĽһƫƧСջͶޡ 
ҹʣƾɵĿջݶԼɼһӰǶ 
˱һ̳ӣ̳㣬͹಻ݣǸķˡ 
ӣʲô 
欵ӰԾݶķĿǸƬϵȻ 
̧ͷ˿ʷȻӹһЦ¿ 
£ 
¶ֻ㹳ǰСδȡš 
ҿȻʷһùϴ̳ͷڣþƣ 
𣿡Ȼӻؾ̳һڣüͷȴеࡣ 
ҿƲֻ࣬ķɣ 
Ŷ 
ÿɷӣüĿȴ¶šƽտĹؤվȻѵõ¶ķҵ飬ʷвеЦ 
ǲΪöȵ£ 
ĻɹֱţģһţδǹҪǸ̳ӱ㣬˵ǲǺûð 
ǡ 
ι㷸ôֱӰɣȻž̳ӣҪԴȥˣʵҲһֱӴô鷳ȴȫﲻҶԶǰ϶ͨоϣ֮䡭еʱǻ룬ôûã־鷳һӻҰɣ 
ӡ 
ţ 
ʷȭͷһ¡ 
ۣ˰ôȻԴ˼Ľ 
ǲ˰ 
Ȼһۣϻ 
ߣˣͱŤŤģʷ˸Ż״ 
ͷȣȻʱ˲١ǡǺǡǺǺǡŶ˵α 
Ц֪Ľѽ⣬ʷҲοһЦһ̣վڲԶ¾һͬ˵ЦɫӰЦ˲佩סˡ 
ǱȻ֪һĻڱеЧǳȴƫƫſȫ²ˡ 
ȻҲע⵽գ˳ʷ߿ȥ˫Ӽŭ 
ûǷӦɫӰ뿪 
׷ 
ȻӰѸݣҹĻ֮¼ԾӰȫޡ 
°ݷǱǰӵʷ 
ȿѹ𰡣˭뱣˳ƽŰٿһϵ̫ 




ӣӣ 
Ȼƽһ˫ȣּӰٵ۾Կ塣 
ǰ汻׷ĨɫԵޣ·ʱҪּʧٰ㡣 
ȫԼδȻܱ߽Сɲôȴȫû㣬ͷҲļܡ 
ӣȵҰѽ 
ͻȻȻҽһʲô㣬һ˵ڵأ֮Ϣȫޡ 
ɫӰǰ΢һ£֪١ 
˺ܾúܾãֻʣУڵϵ˻һһ㡣 
ֹһɫӰӴ˳ԵȻҪ 
Ȼ۾һʹСһӷץסҪѨӡ 
 
ƺѾϵ٣̲޷ץסԼ 
ȻһЦ֪ƭ㣬ΪʲôҪأ 
˫ʲȼŭ˿ѻָƽȻĮ·ղһж 
ҹȾ纮 
ǡҾ֪㲻ҲܵġǺǡ 
Įµڻġɷ˽ЩȻһأ 
Ȼڿճ֣ǹ⻬ϸգҸղŸ˵Ц 
ûлش𣬵۵Ļͬɽ¾ļҡ 
ָ⴫֪Ķҡ 
ҲΪղŵʲôΪ塣ңҲ벻ҪΪԼѣ֪ΪʲôҪѡڣ 
Ƭ̣漴ͻЦ 
ȻȻЦݣЩһҪŪ Ц˵۾ԭȻ 
 
ҰԳƤЦӣϲƭˣ׽ŪˣôҲĲˣҾ鷳ң𣿡 
 
ϸȻĺɢȥ˱һճ¶ȡ 
ңʶ˻ģ𣿡һ˵ĻȣӦֻһ˵΢Ц꼻ţĴ𰸣һ 
ЦݣȻĽᾡ⡣ 
ŶǺǡ 
ɵɵЦȻ˴ףԻ֮ 
̾ǰŴ 
˵Ϣ÷촽ĴȻԱһ顭 
ݡƿ֮ͻȻ𣬺ݺݵĴ˸ղůա 
һͻİɨ䡣 
漴ӿһؤ 
ղŵĴϣٺƢҲᱩŭȻȺʶʱļһŭ𣺡ǲһ̲ų𣿣ˣӣǡߣ˵գһ̣ȫȺ͵ϮĵǣͷҲصתߡ 
һһ㶵ؤǺײŻعԼĿġΪ׵˴Ǹվס 
Ȼȫһ߶ţ˵վסվסҲͺûӣһ߾ֱߡ 
״ؤˣ˾ȻԭضĿʩȻ뿪 
ҶͷǸЩ棬һؤΧ 
Щаˣҷ궼־ܣǲ 
Ȼ˿ˣȻ治ݣһЦιλ̨˵±ɱͷ 
ͷһ㶣ʲô˼ 
һ˲ģҾͺһɣղŴҶŶ˵Щаˣҷ궼԰ɣ 
Σ 
Ȼҡͷԣһ㻹Ǳı顣֮£Īǻ˵λ̨궼ǻʵ𣿻뷸Ұѽѽ뷨ǧҪλɲͿȥİ 
ըඹӵǿʶôһ˵Ȼа˳ģؤӿ񶼴ɻ顣 
㣡ͷɫɺת࣬ϣ챻ˡ 
ߣȻһݣ˲Ͷɷ־ܣҲÿûб¡ 
âէ¶İȴκ֮С 
ǣֵֻ̣ǾվߣеıȻʱȴ͡ 
һһ棬ȴޱȺг缤ԾĻɽһıȪ 
ϣ 
̵һŭ𣬼ʮ򹷹ͬʱϮ 
߳ŭֻͨ˵ϡһ䣬ޣȻ̾һ̣ǰץУ漴һ˾йƬӹϴȥʮؤȦ⡣ 
Ȼʣվԭأƺȫ㶯ֵӡ 
˵ǳ𣿡ֻȻһһɵץЩһȺ𹥻ؤ 
 
ͬ죬աȺؤͬһäĿȺ𹥻ǣȻ书ͬһ㣬ĹȻ 
Ȼо䱻һȻæʵˣ 
ˡ 
̵е˯룬Щײԡ 
ո·ҪϢ˯ߣȻЦãǻȥɣ˵䣬ֶһؤϿ֮ϣͨͨ˲仯ΪʯĽաֻһת˹ȦסΧǰؤ漴ھеƽֵס˲仯Ƭˣ֮˸󣬽ŵ˶˿ȥаȴ˿ 
ΪĲ˾һ֮ȫأ䲻ˣս⡣ 
Цзĵ϶úˣ湻ˣλֵذɣ 
Ϊ֮ວ书Ҫ˵ЩʲôȻøͷӡ 
Ȼˣ˵Ҽסơ⡯ûĻͿʡʡˣ˵ҽ˵лͽ̡ߺáͷ֮ȽϺã 
ؽƻµļһÿ°ĭȫûθе̵֣ŷɢĲ뿪 








16 

Դ̸Ȼҹ䡰Ρؤ͵Ϯ֮˶Ÿ߶Ƚ䱸״̬ϾѾ궼ؤ̳ؽ磬ǿԵĵĵط 
ƽزʷ˸ΰһ硣 
˼죬̵޴󰭣Ҳָ߰˳ɣȴһֱûиӪ֮¡ 

֮ҹһɫӰûκϢس˿ջֱڷɱȥڰʱ󵽴궼⡣ 
ֻŽգسʿڳǽϻơսĺƽʱڣɢ⡣ 
ӰǽǣͻȻԾߣץסͻأ֮ש飬ڻǽճǱڣδ˿졣Ѳʿָʹһ壬漴żղǿשͷٶߣֽţǽ 
δ̧ͷ쿴ǷڸֻߴϤЦǺǡ㻹е֣ 
ɫնʱеȻ̧ͷȥȻǸӦڴϺ˯Ȼ˿˸ȣڳǽϣ°µؿԼղŵĶ 
˯һΣվȻ 
֪ǵΪʲôͻȻЩɫζҩأľڻڴģ۾һֱ̣Ϊʲôûҩ԰ɣͿȻ˵޼һС裬º޷壬ȴ֪ӵѪ˿дѪǴ󶾣κβȻ 
üͷ壬ƺлҪ˵ 
Ȼһ㲻ҪһȥŶǾԾԾԲһȥ̶Ѩģ㲻Լܹ֪Ƕܹ㣬ȴһȥؤ 
롭 
˲ǣⲻоˣ֪𣿣ԭô 
 
ʲôǰʵǰΪͷ۰Уؤ̳˵Ҳİٸؤ̾ᣬһֻܴùһٸؤ𣿣 
ʵ 
ʵǲң˾ϲϰŲ棬óǰֵҲδ̫˰ɣ 
ƽվѾڸǱ䱾޵Ĺ̰봹Ŭ˼ʲô 
Ĭ˼ӦڷʡԼΪǶô񹲷ߣȻڻ±飺ӣڷʡ𣿡 
û 
̴øɴࡣ 
Ȼһ㶣ʵʲô 
һ̲֪СĴָСģƿӡ 
뵽׸סһ 
 
ǽ֮ϣָˮӷɵİ 
ðɣȲƽϡȻϰߵ죬˫Ļһ飬سʿҪˣȥɣ 
˵գ̵һͬʩչṦ˳ǽ 

ҹڵƺڻĺúʱݶƽǰУƬ̣Ȼ̴һƶûɶĴԺӡ 
ˣ 
ѹ˵ĵط𣬳ʪĿͬջһɲǵʧ 
Ŷ 
ԸӰ£ԼҪԺ 
һԵȻæסȻֹ³çΪҲһ΢졣 
˲䣬һŵؤԺͻȻȼѣԺյõƻͨ׼ 
Ȼּۿ죬§һܼʮεΡ 
𣿡ǻտղ 
һؤ߾ٻԺղȥϾҪΧá书ǿĵŻݶѰҡ 
ŲƽȻҲţ§̵ֲ 
ҶССĽۣܲǰΣǣǡ˶ˡ 
ݶûа 
ºȻ˿ŷ䱾ֻһˣΪ˶ѰԼղؽ§סը黨ſ˻û뿪ʱһᱻ֡ 
û°ɣȻŲһԴ̶ʵ 
Ǹ 
ΪԼղŵ³çǸΪ˻˴¡ 
ᰡȻѹͶʯ·õúܺ 
޳ͻȻһ£ 
شûµȻȻע⵽ԼյúܽһĻ⿴ú̵Ķ䡣 
Ҳûţ䡢ʲôĶܺóԡ̵Ķ䡭װ׵ıƬƤ˸ƯȵĶССһĶ񣬺úóԵ 
ûгҹġ 
̲סչͷȥͷСɵĶ 
̵ĺͻȻͣһ¡ 
һ̲ס򱡱Ķ 
ʲô̵ײĲȻжӶĳ嶯 
ӶˡȻһһҧס̵Ķ䡣 
ɵͷ¶Ū΢΢ȵСɶҧСС⡣ 
Ŷ 
ʳ֪ζͷ̰ľϱϸĶϵ߮ݸʱ 
 
ʪޱЩ΢ʹ飬ֻоȣ޷ұڵϢԼĺΪŨءܳµҪˣǵͱˡ 
ҧתͷͼܿȻĲ졣ȴ˵Ķһһġ 
һȫûбĿͽ˻ڡ 
ԽԽȣ֪˺ĥȥͱˡ 
ݶѾȥֵȻѨȻأûзѨҲɹȻ˹ 
ǵʲô𣿡 
ϴɫ񣬿ߵĶ䱻еúףƽյİӿɰȻ֪Լղʧˡ 
Ҷ 
ȫɵɣȫڵĽڣؤģ˵ȴ쳣˵Ȼֻĳ˵ġ 
һԥˡ 
һǶ 
һۣȻתÿζõĶ̲סȥҧ 
ҲˣʼĻصԭ 
ǴҲɢˡҴȥο 
š 
Ϩ𣬴ԺָֻһƬ˴ӽʩչṦƿİڣ֪Ժһţ 
ȻƿţµһѸɲݣ¶һţֽŴ˷ŵľſ 
ȻʾԼȥȣȴܾ 
֮£ֻһͬȥ 
ƺûݹֻ֮ڿ˵£ǽζҲûľӹ̣µˮھE֮Σ 
޹ڣԼһ΢Ϣ 
ƷˣȻ̽Եʡ 
˭Ưûʲô񣬲ƺˡ 
ϳ׵ 
˭̶𣿡Ʒƺܸˣ֮㯣ǣ㲻̶ҿɰ̶ѾҶˡǺǡ 
Ļ̲Щʧ롣 
ң㲻ҵ̶ͻתҹĻ쳣 
Ȼа⣬ϲϷ˾Ȼʱʧȫˡ 
ӵ洫˵ĽŲΣȴ˿ 
 
ǣ㲻ǣҵ̶ѾˣѾҶˣðҵ̶Ҿɱ㣡ļĺ 
Ȼͷԣæס̣뿪ɣ 
Ҫ 
˦֣ȥ§סϷˣҴߡ 
㲻ҵ̶ 
ҷϷһƴ磬ҶѱΪ䵽⵫δˡ 
Լȭߣûзʹ 
 
ƽտκ鶼ִһ϶˵ȴҪɡ 
Ȼһ֣Ϸ˵Ļ˯Ѩֹͣ˯ȥ 
ע⵽Դ𱸵Ȼ˵ȽϷ˵ҿɲԸٱŮŰ˵ַ֣ǿ߰ɣ 
šйػӦһԱĸȻ˵Ρ 
֮⣬Χʮؤ 
Ǹ߾ٻѣɷǵȺʱˡвٿȥؤָ֡ 
·㲻ߣ㴳Ǻǣ̡Ȼգǵɣ 
ϰԵĶ԰ףò¶֪ǳԺ޴½֮ڡ 
 
ڵˣ̾Ȼɫδݡ 
һ˫Ŀ̹ǣؤֻ 
һԵȻȻԸղ½ϵĻʮϲ 
̵䣺˵ǻһŶøģ˼Ҳǳ˵ֻͬͬͬͬͬͬ𣿶ð 
ǱЩͣкκô 
ĻľɨĹʱͲˣ෽㰡 
 
һеĶԻ½֣޲ý˶⽴ 
ǰշǳ״ȻЦڡ 
 
ţϳۣĸΰ 
˵ǻµЩţͷ᲻ἵ˵ϵĻݺǹӹҵֻһ˵ĻһẦµġ 
һֱ罣ü˲ɶΪᡣ 
㡣 
һ˲κΰкӰͬʱ򼲷ͻΧ 
֮һƬӱǰָּ񲻿ɵ׷ԾȦâ 
Ȼһ˾ϣ뼸ؤﳤϽ 
̳乥ȺȻڿϡ 
޼䣬ؤȻ˶ڣһʱҲκβǡ 
ֻʼƹ 
˰ʱ·硣 
ѵ˵ǽҪ 
޷ 
ѽԵĻϣܱ飬Ȼһ𣬿𣿡 
Ҳ 
˶ˣǵҪκŵһŶǶҰԲԼߡ 
š 
̸˵̸ֻǷԼȸɡ 
Ȼ΢Цѱ˼ݵؤ±ѪȾø࣬йδԼ 
ģ̻űĸ׶жദϴ߶ھжδȬ޷ɣ綷ѪѩԲ԰ףʺĲѪմȾĴ֬ѼΪ˵ոġ 
ҿ᲻㱻⽴Ƕѿ 
Ȼ̾һ䣬۾ 
ɫ˲ȫٶۣҲС 
ֻһ죬ָ֮ͬл½оƵйٱʣһ壬һŴϵļ򣬶ʱֱۡ½ϼ״æһкмϮȻţҲ㣬һơ 
Ϊһᱻ֪ȻŲҲƶһһǷֽȫϮ֮Ѫӿѹǡǿ磬ͬһֻֻɱ˵Ķн¶־ɫƬ̣Ѫɺӣ֫˱֮˰ؤ̳ٱ˼ 
ѹִ˵ڤȷܵڳÿн½ؤ֮ʱ 
ȻȫǱϽѪʮֺˡ 
ʱһɫӰѪҺɽȺУӺһ§סȻ 
ⲻʺ㡣ƽϣܻ޶ģϧֻȻͻȻסʧȥ־Ķв֮ȻƣݺһϮ̡ 
̾Ȼȫûж֮⣬һƴš 
߹Ƕ֮Ѫӿ 
³ĶѪȻӲѪڶƻδһǷͷٻѨϡ 
ԶȻڤ񹦣Ͼҩ޿ͷٻѨԶȫȻпֲɫͣ˹ȵħ˯ȥ 
ؤ˼ħϳҪɱˡ 
һ§ȻףʮΣյľأֻɴݡ 
һ˿ССѪȱȵǻ£˹Σյޡ 
ͷͻȻһ 
ס֣ͳͳס֣ 
ֻһ̬ӵؤűվڸ̨֮ϣȻ׷Բвݣ۷ȴδֺ 
μ 
æס֣׷˿ 
Ƕ𣿡һ㣬½ϣԲڴʲô£ 
ҡ½һæ򵹣Ȼţ¶ҡ 
Ĺ죡Ƿдݺٲ飬ؤϽ˽ף 
ס 
ժȥŴ֮λ˼һ£ҹȥú÷ʡ 
֪ 
½ΨΨŵŵʹԲɫȻˣڵǰҲǲҷ 
½ϣϰƺҲֲ֧סȻϡ 
ؤæǰͻط֮ǰԸ¶ˣ 
ϰߺ󣬼λеĳϷ߷߲ƽĵ̵ˡ 
λ½ϸ߳ŭߣǺùˣ´οûôˣ 
ĿǼ˵ıӰһι̴ߵѪҺڵϣѪҺ֮Уʰĵ类Ⱦɫ㻯ɫ 
õģǡ 






17 
ǲ𣿡 
ľƽü͸Ρ 
Ҳֲ߶Լ֪ԼδȬȻƲǼաȻ֪ǲˣԵҲǶЩµδȫ 
Ǹӡҽ֪˵жءڷϣƻǱײˣ屾еĻھ඼Ҫ顣ֻ߹ǣǰƽΪӡ 
 
˵˶ԼƾȻĲɣ۾һֱͣڴ֮ɫ粻δ뿪 
֪˵ʲô̶ȥľ̾˿СĵΪҩϹ̶߹ǵı 
ʱָܻ 
һѯʣȴԼ 
ľƲٶ̾ 
ڤħǳ˲˹֮ھֹֻһ޷֣Ҫάִ˹ҶֹֹֻƬ̣δɼ˺ֻھҪָ弡Ĺȣڲܶ 
ɫб䣬ĬƬ̣ʵΣ 
Ϸһ䷿Ϣвʷϣδѡ 
ؤϢ 
һۣϰƺٶִ֣ɧ֮⡣ 
š 
ʻľʰһ˳䡣 
ߺ̻ǰ 
ŶõȻϵؤ·ھսò´ؤϽֱضٷС 
ӡ 
šӦһеĻҲͣȻϰٻѨһ̽ѽסķȡȥ 
Ǿ۵ķ룬Ȼɫأֻӯѵһŭ 
Ǹ 
˵̲һ㶡 
ûɣ 
ȻᶨִƺȫںԼڵĴ 
Ǹ 
һظҪ㯡ôҪ벻ԼǸɣѡĬ 
Ȼȡ֣һټҪǸ 
ĲǸ 
ƽյݲڷȻѲһţڡ 
ҵ߳ͻڿн㣬ȣ쳣Ļ𻨡 
㣡 
ϱ˪ˣŭϡ 
ΪҪҵǸ 
ΪΣȻǺЦЦΪİǻˬʡƻЦ̵̲ô̶ŶͲصǸģϲȥƵɳʲôĶҵ¡Ҷ£ţ鷳һɸһؤˣǻԼȻһСؤεºҪŵ˺壿 
Ȼ֪ڤħһȥʱ˵席̲ǻָ߳ɹ²Ƕ߹ǿ¡Ҳ϶ǸǷסԼȻʧ֣ѩ׵˲Ҫ˺Ƭ֪Ϊǲ̼޹֣˲мȴΪܡ 
һδȻԶĳƺһΣæսȭͷ򶨡 
Ҫȥ 
Ȼ˵ŤͷȥҲſɫݡ 
Į˵İܵȻĶԴͶﻹǵ 
Բ𡣡 
Ǹĸ㣡ȻͻȻתͷϾȻѱȾʪͲᱰһ𣿶ÿһ˶ô˶׷ŹӺ˵İѵЩϧԼ𣿡 
޳ָȥϺ˵ۡ 
ᣬʱ 
ȴΪᣬȻ۾ͬȱ̰ӿˮ 
ʵˮҭ˺§ڴϵ壬ȱջȻ˿ڻԵô·ϾҪʧ˰㡣ľʲŵ˵ͻȻ֣ħȻӦ֪ñκ˶ȴȻʹãʹʩ˶סڴŵֻȻʬ塣뵽˴ֻоͻȻһ飬·ʲôطȥްյĿ־Ƶĺ¡ 
־壬һ㹻 
ĪҪô˹ 
ˮģ۾գգͣ˿Сشá 
š֪ˡ 
оѵõĹ˳̸ıΪ˳ 
ǡҲҪӦҡҪΪκԭ˺Լ 
š 
ǡ 
̲ԣû 
ȻָƽյĻЦãҪŶڵϴˡСĴָСĴָסҵģţȻ 
Ŷ 
ķԸ˵СĴָǣһ 
Ӧ˴ӦˣҪǧ롣 
ô̲ࣿһ 
Ȼ 
͵ɫٶ˵ĿС 
ҡҲɱ㡭ȻеĿɬ׼º͵ů⡣ 
һû 
Ŀƽ̬Ҳ˵ 
ܶࡣ 
ιҵ书𣿣 
̵ĿһۣԲԵĻشС 
У 
ûС 
С 
û 
 
ûӪĶԻҲûȥ˰ɣ 


ӱúƽ࣬˵Ϸƺʧȥ˼䣬ճմеˣ޵Ķӡ 
˵ǣҲõĽ 
Ȼʳסжһָ۵ľҲյѪȳ棬Ϊ֮𾪣ϧˣȥؤ 
Ҽ֡ 
ҷԣ 
Ч 
ۣ˰˰ 
 
ÿ쵽˰ʱֶظһĳǿջĻƻסĿ˶öӡǸôûȥܡҲΪûϲ£Ϊһɧŵ˫һͽ۾ 
ôŸȥԣС겻Ӧⶳˮ 
ڰû֮ͽ𣿣 
еλŮĻٻм·ƽʿһӢ۾Ϸ롣ϧڴϵȴǸڿʵ꣬ϳδεҷȻѹ·Ͼ˰û 
ʱȣڸڵľҲװ϶Ȼʱ֪ȥæñսԣһֺõЦݣ˵Ǵ𣿡 
á 
᲻Ĺ⣬ĮľܾһѽɽǸװůˮĴͰС 
ҲҪϴȻˣͣÿ춼ϴĴʮֲؤҮÿϴʲôɸɾؤ𣿡 
ǡ 
̾䣬ëȻı 
ССˮ˳Ź⻬߻ˮУǰűˮúĹʵǿɰˮᵴòˮµʮջ󡣼㾭˼ķҲδϰߴ˵ȾֻͻȻֱšǿѹȣˮǲԡ 
ƫȻȫ˼ߵĵһڹǰʱſͿȥ 
޵ɼ۵Ƥ뿪ʱĿһݺݵӡδѪҲ 
άֲһ룬̧ͷ˫ȼ֮۾ȻƽһθоˣȻڻɽ֮ϵĺ䴩˸󶴣 
ӡ㡢侲һ㰡ۣ 
û˵꣬͸еһת 
оײʹۣϵľȻǷŴ˵Ŀɫա 
ġ 
˫ƯӣҲû˿ĺ⣬ȡ֮ģտĵĳȡ 
Ȼǲ֪ǰ˲䣬ֻǻʹȻֻܱ䡣һͷ飬ܷٻߵһһСھʹġȻѹֵδĽ׶ΣǼޣŻɽıڱڻˡ 
ҡ˵Ǹ 
š 
촽ĥԷͬĲλ̽ͷꡣ 
Ǵ𣿡 
ţĲɵѯƺǲӦ촽 
ڿҧ۵°ͺͷ۷۵Ĳ֮ǰĿꡣ 
ﰡоǰ鱻ʪͣⶺŪǰ˵дĴ̼Ա˲ţȻ 
𣿡̧ͷһ˫ĿԾܾĴ˲⣬ҪߵĺӰ 
ҲҲ 
˵ž쵽Լ˵ЩʲôˡĻȻûڵ뽫ͷҧ 
õ̸Ǳ䱾ؾص־Ȼ쵽Ȼ壬İ֮󣬸òССĻѨ 
㡭 
룬޳ָָֻСذĦѨڱ档յѨڸоĴ𽥷ɣ޵ĦǰѨССĿһС 
ЧԳ˳ɹЦһӽֿȻԵ߻ء 
𣿡 
šоΣȻһһظİʣδܶҪοòе㲻ӡ 
ţԴɳƣ˸оԼҲա 
ҡǸۣһº𣿡 
ۣۣ˹Ȼδָæ 
Ȼ۽Ѿ̧ͷѵ۾գһ¡ 
Ŷ 
޳ָѼӲϣİĦһҪŪ 
١һ㡭 
ޱȵĿ֣Ȼ۾ĿȫĲλ 
һ׹ӹֻеĿȫȻĳһڱӿͲʵ̾Ϣ 
ҡɳƵȻԸ۾ 
ôˣ 
𣿡 
°ļͦסͷСȻµСѨǰĥʮֵò롣 
ԣüеģȻƴİڶԴϴӦСѨܵ˵ľܾţܾĽ롣 
Ŷûκα飬ʧ 
֪ԼôľܾȻæ˵ȡҺ֮˵𣿡 
ģ 
šȻҲͲסи֪͵ú࣬ȴȻԸǿԼᣬһˣ̫ݳˡô㣿ǸͰ㡭 
һ£⣬ȻͨĽеݹ 
𣿡 
ǺòƯ״иƵȻߡ 
˵ϻʪͷСɵͷסĶŪССڣ·ҪܵڳȥŰ 
ĿгţҲƲס̵ļݺݵĴȻĿС 
ءոջһȴҰһ㣬ȻԼҪҭˡ 
ֻоʪĿǻԼͷſţذڶֵ֫ĸʧصĿС 
˵΢һ㡱Ȼͣ˵ó̲סССҧĳһڡ 
 
ҵĴ̼ҲƲסȱ̶ǰ׵ҺȻʺ 
ء 
Ȼεķ˷ۣٴθϰˡɻԡ 











18 
峿ʵĳ磬һҹԴ΢˲١ 
ȻѾǰǰ㲻ָܶյɣȻΪ˶оˣȴһȻʧ 
ǼգůĻŵķһܷʵˡǷſڣҲֵӰԴȻǲӦװ죬ܽᡣ 
⴫΢̸ſϣ˶䡣 
ƺδڵ߶վǰС˵ 
û𣿡Ůӵʷ 
һĬһ˵ش𣺡û̡ 
ֻʷȣᰡǱزᡷмصİѵûЩ𣿣 
 
ȰŻѧϰһ±ȽϺãɲõĻһ˻ģ 
ԥƬ̣ɻˣģ 
Ź֣ 
һ߿ţȻɫʮֶӵضŶˡ 
ֲʹֲ˾ȻôɣԭиµŮ 
վģ̾ϲ֣վ𣿡 
㲻𣿡ȻûһۣǶô񹲷ߣɹ˫顣 
ȳ緹ǣͼʳȻעϧ۲濪⣬û˱ȵùǰλˣڣǰ̵СгҲֻСһ 
ֻƴһ̯͵ǰǱʲôύ 
һԵʷæżüŪۣϧ֮䱾Ϭô㶼ͨûİţӻͳһƾֳ˹ȥ 
ûգֶǱ׵ľᣬⷭ˷ֻ滭˲ٷƸĴͼһͼĲï͵ʮϸȻϵѵʾԺٿ鼮ʱʧ书ھҪˣ˵ţǻƾ뻳С 
ǺǡȻ˺ôıⶫԺѹסǰԼٰǨ͵ĴˣŶǺǺǡ 
λ͵ĲյƶԼڷŻݹٴ࣬˿ûб¶ޱȵĹơϧεȫиӹɫ 
ù춼ˣ㱻ûյҲûϵ˰ɣ 
ǸһԵʷΣæתƻ⣺ѽӣܶ˰⼸ǵİ 
ʹˡȻ΢΢һЦһϹպ󶨽㣡Ǻǡ 
ʷавãֻŹ־ӣӾԲùϾߵˣ߷ŰԼʥɽŲҪһӶǸ׳ɵϵľģ 
ֵܱҲΪ밡ƺˣʷŬļȽЦݡ 
ȻЦýƻ㣬˵ԺСʲôҪһޣ 
ʷһ㶣˼Բѵ㷴ѹţ±ϾԱҪ 
ȻȻʲôҪҺˣǺǡ 
ллǺǡȻҪʷҪЩʲôҩźáϧˣҪѹס˿ʹҩ 
ڶ˸̥شŹ֮ʱľƼ¥ţʲؤŹżֵ̳ܵһ𡣡 
ȻȥЦ֮ɫʵ˭ 
ؤ 
ģӲȻԴ֮ɫü䡣 
ͻȻоյȣͷȥѩ׵ 
һĵЦݣȻһ֡ 
ţҵСŸȻ˹գЩµҲ̫˰ɣ 
˽ľ˼ĬȻͷӦʡ 
ȵȡ 
Ȼɫأ˻кβ֮æȥ 
ȴֻһ޹İȻĶƤ𡭡 
Թ緹ȥ𣿡 
 







ڿջϷ˵ʷһù緹ؤ̳ 
վǰĵȺļһǣæкڡ 
Ժؤ̵ʱϾ˾ɫվһѪսԶԶ˴η֮ġ 
Ȼ˲̾ųƽһɡڰ׵ڵǰİɣ˿ȴһȺ̰档˲̾Ϣꡣ 
˱Ժһϴķǰһؤͨ 
Ƭ̣㴫ɡ̸Ȼ̤ŷľƵ˲Ըվغ 
ش󷽵İ裬ûйװ꣬ó˲ڸ֮ˡֻһĺ˰ڴϣȴ˿ 
˰ֵЦк£ϰϸɴṇ̃вޡ 
ȻһЦɫͷĽɣ˿ҵޣԽŶ 
Сӣͻôƶ 
ؤƶֱͳԷĲǣ 
 
һ죬ϰԲ԰׵ĲЩһԿţóԸȻ֣ȷǲĪȻϧֻȥȡҩֻǣ˵ȴ࣬ϰֿǼͻ֮£ȻȴԱЩֶ󺺵ĴС 
˵ϻˣ̸̸°ɣ 
ȵȡȻֹסϰȻתͷ˵вӬҮ 
ûлش𣬽޷𣬼Ĩ˲ֱ͸éݵķĴʱʹ֮漴ĴӵĽŲ 
ж𣿡 
ҡͷ̫˷ѡ 
ϰ̾Ϣ⼸ſŵĲӬҲ֪ж٣Ѿˡ˿Լݵɣڣ²˰Ѿٰͷˡ 
ĻᰡղǾȺҰĵļһǣ 
ϰ˿ȻЦеʱ򻹲֪С棬װ桭 
ȻֱָԼװ̫˵ĿɰࣺҵȻСؤޣ 
Ƭ̣ϰ˵˷ԼĿģȻؤɣ 
Ҫ붼룬ȻȻܾ 
˻񡢷˰ٰĳȡؤ֮λȻ·ֻǾܾһĵϷ򵥡 
ΪβԸϰüͷȻ֪Ӳ־ȨλӾȻ˼Ҫȴʵ˴㵡 
ȻԸʲôðÿҪܴССǧؤ»ȥЩ͵ħͷǾҪ½ĵ˴򽻵ıȴҪЦ˵ҲŲҪ鷳ģ۽Ǳߣ˿ֵЦ⣬ҰҪĺȥݣɳĮ¥ɽֱƺȣǺǡ󰡣޻ĵطǼ䷿ӣǣ 
˵컨׹ǰ·ҲɽҰ䣬ԼڻеĶӰ 
ѵԸ⿴ؤΪɹ֮𣿡 
Ȼʼ磬Ц˶νɹҲ 
ϰ̾ϢһҲ֪׶ڣϧأֻǵв˸ܣǰΰ 
򵥰λ˸˭ã֮ؤҪôöãҲ͸޹ 
жε÷ӣϰúЦжᵽڻ֡ 
Ȼ峺ӣ֪ǿˡ 
ˣȻ㲻Ը⣬Ҳǿ㡣 
Ȼ˿ 
̸۰֮λ飬ϰٶȴһֱûκ̣ʵϺȻŽǳ鷳չֻ鷳ĺˡ 
ҵ̹֣һ 
СȻ죬ʮֲĻش 
󻹵Ŷൣ 
 
ιιȫԵˣȻ˷ۡ 
ôŮǰ㰡ޣŹ֣ŲҪ޵Ǹģ 




β̳а֮λ 
ȥĵϣǲľƵˣȻ˻гǡ 
·ҰïҡˣǴĺʱڡ 
Ȼһέݷɵƺش⡣ 
̲Ǻù֮ˣؤ֮λǷȻ̳ҲģֻǿǴĺ˶֧Ŵ֣ŵĸף 
㸸ס 
ǰɡȻ³έݣ̧ͷӲա 
û˵ȻԴ˷شʮ־㵣ȱĶ 
ֲ𣿡 
ͣ˽ŲȻȻڸɫյѩɴñңһԽԽԵġ 
Ҳ޷΢΢Ц⣬᷺ϣǴӦֻһ˵Ц 
һ̵ʧ񣬲Ķ˸԰ɣ 
ʵҲ֪ԼǲϰĶӡ 
һˣȻ˵ȴһȻ 
ֻħͷؤսϾ˸ûͷؼҶѡһھҧӡʦĹ¶˰˸ֵܺʦ֮ûˣͻȻһϵʵ˵ģǺǡңҵıȻǰټеڶգȻġȻ 
Ȼ㯵Ŀա 
ůĻʱ;§˻ 
㻹㡣 
˫һеӣ·йȪˮʽ㯵С 
Ŷ 
ȻʲôĶҪؤǹ¶һ߸ĸԼ 
ǺǡָƽصĻãֳ˸έݰߣʵҲûǹҪҵĻ˵ؤŪ߰㣬ʱؤ϶ӷĹ׷ɱңĳһ˵Ĳ뿴ؤĴڡ 
ΪΣ 
Ҳ֪̩񰲣˳ģֺΪؤֺαشڣܲкܶΪȤȥֵ˰ɣԵĻԸؤⷬ۵˿죬Ȼ˵ȴ쳣˵Цк˿ɬ˵ҵ书аħһɣؤôа书أ 
а۽綨·һСɽ֣㿴ʲô 
ȻĿȥֻ·߿˸ָĿɰ䣬ģƵģϵģͷ׵շ顣ϸ˴ʵĻǶҴ·Ҳע⣬һᣬҰ֮ȴ˾ʤա 
Ư 
Ȼ 
ô˵ 
޳ָǳ·ʻ˹ȥ˻ӡ 
Ȼչȥͷ׵Сɡϣǿɰ 
˻ġ 
 
۶һòͨѰӲݣݾл֭ 
ز֭ 
أȻָһԳԲͲλڵĻƻ 
˻޶ʵʱЦ 
ȻʱĿɿڴϹŵέݶȥˣôƽڽϲժȡ棬ӶʱߢԣɴǹЩĻ߿ȥܳԵĹʵǷжǱȵѪΣġ 
а˶ȴ˭ܶǶ֮а 
Ŭò̫˵ͰοԼȻʲôȻȴ鱦Ҫࡣ 
ӡԴƫ࣬ڿļϣллŶ 
š 
Ĵ·Է׷Ļ꣬ƯΪȻ§žɫ˵ǸؤʮǰȫԺԵ΢ȱݡ 
̧ͷÿѩߵļ˿Ȼ˿ֻ뾲Ʒ޴ζ 
ཻģļ֮ٶȷ˴ˡ 
ˣ 
һоӵǿ̣б֮ӵľɱŴɤŴ΢ա 
ô÷Ȼ죬ݺݵĵʶʱɵϡ 
ղؤﴫϢ˵ϰˣ 












19 

ؤ̳ĴϣǸǰ̸Цˣ˿ѱһ߱ʬ壬Ȼʼɣ⵽ǲһؤƭ֡ 
ιͷ㲻Ҫװ˺òãȻʬԣִ˴ѽӲĻҰݣҮ 
̾վԣûκ 
ι˺òˣҲ̳ؤ֮λ 
ȻиŬͼڵϵϧȻͷٰɣҲܽһ˴дþúþãֱͶ˵ˣߵϰʼջûһ˿һķӦ 
ǣ׵Ҳ׵ˣѾˡ 
ˡ 
֪ 
üŶȻʮãȻѵ˵˶ô򵥾ͻҸɴһ㣬̳а֮λҲͲ˰ɣ 
͸㯵ģ·𿴵ǸңԶͯꡭͻȻĸףԼδκĸסûκΪʵšֻñ䱣Լܼǿȥȴˣʧȥ࡭ 
뿴ʹļǿǵؤϣʧȥǼͨЦݡ 
춨̵˵ȻͷԱ׾ȴġ 
Ȼڻع̾˿ǰȻ˵ȴѿ͸ 
Ȼͷֲ⡣ 
ιСģŲȥҼԺҸ㿴 
š 
ߣҪеĻһǸõɮ˵͸飬ǵõҲ׾ٰ 
̷ָ 
Ȼʬϰϲ޵˿ڣȭµĺۼȥͨûʲô𡣡ӣ 
ҡͷʥҩ 
Ŷǿӿ˲ֺܶӦòжǡüŤһţȻͷ߰ͷɦøˣȻҺϣϵȻϿʱǺܾòǻعⷴհɣ 
 
δжԣϾֻ֪ҽߡ 
ȻȻ̧ͷһĴ̡ľƼľ֮⣬ϵĻˡӣ㲻ǽ̫𣿡 
š 
ңһ˶ûҮ 
УҺܶࡣ 
̻䣬ֻӺ÷Լ米һѵؤȻȼΧס 
类ְ½ϴ˿̴Ⱥдҡڵ߳ŵ̬˲²֪µġ 
Ⱥˣҡ 
ǱߵȻӿ˵ɱʶĿ־ܣһȫʬȻЦתͷȥ͵˵ҲµĶԲ԰ 
½ϵʱðˣҴ󵨷ˣЩ֮ͽ£ 
Щȥ˶ڵؤȴԥǰܵǰѪս˽ѵͨ졣 
Сδ̫ſ񡣡һԻɷǡʵɹвԲȶ¹ϵֳֳ˽ŵʮŹʵٵӡ 
գʩ̫أҷȡɣһ̫ȱ˶гշɵϺУһȺɮӴŽ 
½һ˿ˣ䵱ˣְִʦǿˣȻλʦǰֲˣ 
ʦ֮ͨʿóݵ鹰ϡ׹֮ĸ蹦̵£ϧȻȴ⡰ͨеһԱֻȫӶɵӲеɧ 
˵½ϰλҲ̫һɣȻһЦ䵱ɽɽûʮҲаǧ·̣ϰǰûˣǺǡλṦСһɵɣǾԤı 
ԴǷһ¾½һӸסˡ 
ԱиȽؤеΪΧȺаħϵǾȻ¶Ⱥϰ 
ǵҲǣȻͷż˰ȻҪͶ䵱ôĵӡ 
֮⣬˵ǲӣͼ˶١ 
ס죡Ը֡ 
㲻˵֪ԸаħǸ˵ʲôµģһӵϽͿ˶𣿿ϧǲδκа֮٣żЩԹ͵ĲΪȻﵱ鷳½ϸ֪ԭڴڼڼ 
Ҫ˵Щû滰½Ͽʼɫָǲϲз֮Σ 
Ȼϣìͷָˣˣѵ˵λ¸صǰΪŰģ 
Ǳ䵱ɫɹҲסˣɽ꣬˽ؤæǲɱϰ֣䵱һɾԲϣ 
ôְִʦأ 
Ϻʲ͵Լֻ۵֣ǲΪ 
һ㡣 
һ죬ֶѾסΪɹס׳֡ 
ȻʩȻתͷض˵ĽҰɣ 
е㡣ҪǱ⸱ݿˣûӡ߲һҲѧһɰɣ 
ұȽϲ˹ĵԸŶһĻĻ˭ϰұݰ 
 
һԵľаۣλʬһԸ˹ģ׵Цˡ 
Ʊﻯ½ðзΣմ޳ܿͽɱ֮ĵǵ 
ţݹʱӦþֵʣ㡢˵ɱ˰Сʲô֤ݣǴӰѾ½з磬ȻϷֳֵģϧΪ۾Ц̫ˣµı鿴ȥʮֻվһԵľס죬ѲסȽҪͷЦ 
˾òİɴñ£̵Ūˣǻ˵̨ʡ 
ǸǸһʱˣȻһ飬ʱİ¿ͽҪѪˣܸ֮㵣𣡣 
㣡㣡Ϊɻ죡½ϰԵ߳ŭҪȥˣҶ֪ԼǶ˵Ķ֡ݺݵĵǣɱ֤ȷ䣡һ֣һؤḷ̌żöմȾѪյķ롣 
Ƶķ룬ȷ˿ҪϸСֻáŵģǴϰʺеҵģȻûö÷ȡʵ̫ݶ 
Ȼֱ۾îͼԶԶķ룬ϧʲôûι½ϣý㿴ɲ԰ôԶõ廨Ҳ֪ 
½ϺݺݶһۣߣǴʬ𣿣 
Ǻǡҽʬ𼣵Ļ»ôȻ˫ֱأ˷ȥν֤ݣӲĳλЩף˵з֪ؤ̳ɱˣܿǱӡ½΢һõԴ;Բỳɵϡ 
⡭Ļʮ˽Է׷׵ͷǡ 
ι½ϣ᲻֤ݵĻͲܿ϶µ֣Ļϲؤ£˭֣һʲģȻ¶ɱ·Ҫ½ʬϡ½ųһ亹䵱Ǳ˵ɵĴʦҲûɣ 
ʦȷʵ֤ݣֻõͷͬ⡣ 
½·֮ʣͻȻһѽΪԾţϷ˿ɺã 
½߳ˣһԵųϡ¡ 
̿ˣȴûκξ֮ɫȻ㡣 
һЦ֪ң 
ɱʬȴڸڶ㡣 
ȷʵˣ㲻֮ƾ˸еĶ֪ң 
֮򣬵ľƵ׵׵رؤ𣬸ڹͽ 
Ƿϻ˵ɣȻŵңֻͶѣ¼黬һЦɱؤѾ֤ȷ䣬ǹԹԵ˰ɣ 
ɡ 
Ҫʧꡯ綾ĽҩûмǴ˶޽⣬ƫƫ㸸˽ⶾ֮ҩϧʱʮֻ꣬һŶѡɵģ˽ҩϡ 
һԵؤ˼һ 
᲻֪ߵƷʵһʼѾˡʧꡱҩɽ⣬ֻؿ˥ȥһֱѹȴѵ˼ޡ˷תŹ 
ӣ𡭡Ȼɻͬʱ͸µĹƣæ̵Ҫֹ 
Ȼ˵ȷΪɱ 
ؤһ״ʱ𣬸ִнҪɱο֮顣 
ܺãܺá 
ŭȺδ˿ɫ 
ĿѴҲûзڣһС趪˹ȥ 
ֽӹڳĳҩ裬ԥͷԱα 
ȷ֮ҩŽڣ͸£ز 
ţܶʱ򲢲˺á 
Ҳزȥˡ½ϺؤǰɱУϧ˽ηȻħȴ˲ 
ʱ˵ˣڤħֻҪùһξͻʧȥ 
ȻüԭԤһţѹϵסؤˡ 
ˣԿڤħֻ·һλӢ۲Ҫ£ɱ 
ôһ˵ηȺؤӵǰϰ𣡣 
䵱ֵ˼̳ɱˣ޹ǣЭؤͬаħϾǧ˵صĿġ 
Ȼɽеıȥʱδ˹УɵṦ㿪еĹ 
Ѷһһ֡Ȼ˿ιŹ֣ȷʵϳ˸ˡУȻܴƽ֡ 
ȻǱȴˡһؤ˵Ӧȥɵ½ϲйٱʹʱ򣬿ɾͲͬ˵ 
һľ平ɵӣһľƸ¶ѽѷ֣˵ûпȥɵйٱҪȻ֮ʱɫĳǿйٱʣ½ϵֱۡ 
ͬʱ˵˸˳صĴۡ 
ͬȵĸҲܷģԵΪʮʦĵ 
һ˲̱䵱ֻоδȬţʱѪȥ 
յɴñѣɽѪ˿־ѪԼڵӵϡ˺ͰֺлûüΪش̶ˣ͸оһԣǰͻȻһƬɫ֪жֻ˹ͼסԡĵûôĹɫûܺһ˵ѵ 
Ѫ֮ǿǻסֻ̩ƤѪɫȡ֮˾ֵʣƬ̣ȻϢ 
˳˵ˣľƵϽ屧𶪸ľ壺ߣ 
ľ嵱Ȼ֪ԼΣԸʹ뿪 
ľƺȵСӣҪ 
Ȼ˼ץһ֦ͷɾְؤ˳ȥؤݺײűߵȺһСС© 
ؤӻѪ֮£Ȼľ˹ȥߣ 
㼫ȲԸ̵صѹľֻúݺҧԽΧȦĿ϶ 
ˣ½ϴҪ׷ȥȴľסȥ· 
ľƿƽȻЦŵǸǸˣֻܾȵһˡ 
ûϵĻ˭߲ˡȻľ廳ʧķвɬ 
Ȫ·ϣ֪ǷǵκµڼŶϵأ 
۾ɣ 
ľ̹ȻģȻ̾һӻġ 
 
̼ٱӵľ壬һѵˮҲͲס˫δƷʹ۾Ϲ¡ 















20 



ӣԲ𡭡 
Ȼ 
Բ𡭡 
ԲΪʲôҪǸ 
ҴӦҪһϸǷӵģڡ 
㲻ȥ 
ǺȥѾȥˡ 
ΪʲôҪһֱͷҿ 




Ȼ 
Ȼج׵ĺˮ 
УȻȻѪ˲Σĺ޲ 
ܣ˴ǽջĴľǽڣԵĵطҲֻһשͷ𼸿ľĴ̡ӡ 
ˣľæ˽ 
Եͷʵ˯˶ã 
ʱʷźںҩ˽䣺ţ˯ҹˣ 
䣬ڴϵͻȻԾ𣺡Ȼأ 
ľΪѶϲ˲ش֪ 
ǿˡ 
 
ľ˫۾ѿ޵úײΪ˱ߣȼһ׼õĺס 
ľἺ֪θмһȴĵ 
ʱֻܾȵ뿪ȻȻ 
׵Ȼؤѳɷ棬ȻҲ͡ 
صǧ󴸣Ÿеʹˣǲ״ 
š 
ţ 
ǸˣӦҪԶһģôʳԣôٴƭ 
ۼǾʬ壬򡭡 
ţ 
ŲҪ嶯ʷæҩ룬赲ȥ· 
ÿ˵ʹ˫Ȼη 
ֻʷ֪˿Ȼžֻ·һĿȥ 
ţ侲һ㣡 
Ҫ侲 
ýȰ棬˿ֻѪ˲Ŀ־߫סֻ࣬Ĩ־ȴʹƿ·֮ˣҪ뿪 
̶ 
Ҫ֮ʣͻȻһ˫ݵֱ۽§ס 
̵ͷȥȻһ޵ѣĿݣϤɣѱŮǷǸվٵϷˡ 
̶Ϸɫշ죬ȴ񣬷ϸ̵ֱƺľе˫֧ûУſڵͬˡ 
 
׷ʷϷˣæȥס壺ˣϵˣ 
ô£ѡʧꡯĽҩ˻ӦǣΪڡ 
ʷݺüƥ򣡾ȻϷֶʧꡯֻǱ֮ڶȻǡꡯꡯʧꡯ֮򣬵Ľҩ֮󣬡ꡯͷˡ 
̽ϷƤоԶ׼ 
⡮ꡯϷͬʬ⣬ղ֪ΪξȻԸ˵ˡѵ˵ⶾԷЧ 
ûпϵϲЦݣΪ֪ϷѾѪЧָյա̵ǣΪյĻָϷǰһ̰˷ٴ§ԼĶӡ 
̶ 
Ϸ˻ӵ 
Уƺδܹĸ׻ůʹڵ͵ػҲɲɳȴʮ׷ 
 
Ǻǡ̶ԭ𣿡 
Ҳ㣬ԭ£ 
һһУֻϣõԭ£ֺΪκκף 
Ĺԣͬȼմ㣬ҫĿ˫̼ΪƵ۾˸ 
̶Ư𣿡 
ָǹ⻬գ̵ͷƯ 
һ˿΢ЦԶعƯǡ 
ůĻʧȥ¶ȣñ䡣 
ͻȻû˰㡣 
Ը׺һӣ󶼲϶Ц§ǴȰЦݡĻֻһ˲䣬ʧ٣Ҳˡ 
òȵõˣȴ漴ʧȥҪðɣ 
ͻȻףļıԤ׵¡ 
񱩵ˮδ̲԰׵ϣ߻䡭Ҳ֪Ƿᡣ 
ҡ 
Ϸ˵彻ʷվڼ·ɫĹ 




ʹء 
ۣ 
 
ܶǺںһƬʲôȻһֻӣҲҪˮɣ 
̫û˵ˡ 
˵Ҳδ̫쿪ˡ 
һڱ䳱ʪĵϣɳɳı 
ʵҲ붯΢ƶһ£ùǵλþʹ׶ʹÿζʹûȥϰ裬ȶʺ 
׶أûû¿ԱϣӶҲϰߣ˯Ҳ˯ͷˡ 
һۣΪѾ˵㵽һŶǶѸʮģĨɫѰԼʹȴĸȻĲпʵøмľƵģϾһ˲֮佫Ƴ˴ 
ֻ˼ƺûпǵʹûҲؤϻкӹɣ½ʣ°ȣŹʵ˾ʮֿЦϧǸƻ˲㵽½ϱֻǱըһֱֻۡ 
ûûȵӿºܿҪˣΪ˯ʱԽԽºܿҪԶ˯ȥ˰ɣ 
Ϊ͸ˮεϣ΢һ㡣 
ͷȥˮΣɺԵѾʧȥ֪˿Ļһˮûˮҡ 
žһ̵̫ĶһСʪܵ͵ϡ 
ȰһȺĵؤ΢ӹһضõĵΣⳡҪˡ 
ˣܱȶãү˵ɵʱ򻹱Ƚ桭 
洫žžĽŲƺܶ˾ӣ֪ǲǸȥĻðĴŶأ 
Ƭָֻ̣ܿ 
ƵƵµཬ˯ȥ 
 
һ죬۾ 
Ϊʲô˯ѵ˯Ҳ𣿣 
Ȼ 
Ϥĺþ㴫Ķ䡣 
ðɣҪˣˡ 
ĹߣԴ򿪵ֻܽһСѷ۾ͻȻĨɫӰ 
 
ѵҲǻþ 
ɫ۱ѪȾɫÿһͷŻѪˮҲûı䣬ȡ֮ģͬԡѪްɱ¾񱩡 
ȵζҲ޷ϴӣ˵ľ߶˳ԡ 
ԭûƭҰţһָ֧嶪˿ȥĸ֮ͼȻδε鱨ϧȴ֪ԵĶ̸ 
ҡε߽ãϰߵ΢ĹߣĶ 
ȴٿ˲䣬Ըûп 
ǿѱĥòΣ޺ӡݺύ˶ĵģǴ͸ùǵľ޴ֻƤõĺְͬϡ 
㡭˵Ҳ·ɱˡ 
ѡ밲ķŭȴΪɳֻܼһ 
һ˲ֲȴָֻƽѾˡ 
Ȼһ㶣˳ɱ򣬵ȻаΪ½ϡֻ䵱ֵϾδôܻٵڣ 
̵ļȻбĿӵ»ɫѪˮɲǼ䣬ˡ 
ѪֻһѪѿɱˣοˮ֮УصˮϵѪҺཻΪ綾ĶҺؤ˶಻Ь˲ᱻѪ֣ڷдȴҲӱˮմʪЬ࣬漴жˡ 
⣬ҪٵѪ 
̵ֱۡšȣж˺õ˺Ѿ޴ӻ 
 
ǱŽӣоֵľָͷҲȻͽϷ֮ر׼ġ 
žһڲԶĵ棬ƺҲܲ˺ĳʼˡ 
졭ż 
һߡȴһ׮ص׼֮޷ 
żż 
ζԽԽ䣬Ȼˣ׼ûҪһͬᰡ鼱֮ʣþȫеһƿҡ㡭һ𡭡 
ƿ̶վҲûǰյĶ 
֪޼ƿʩȻ˿Ŀ 
Ȼоһ޴͵ϣûҭ 
ðɣҪˣĹѨԲˡ 
ˡ 
ʹȻæſ۾ľȻĿ 
¡һէ죬ζ·˰ȫ 
Ϣĺڰů帲Ȼϡ 
ǵʣҪȪˡ 
ʧȥʶǰһ˲ȻԴȻ˼ʡ 












21 



ۺۣ˲ظǣ϶ 
ԶһƬĵطĻǷͲٸоʹأ 
ˡ 
ĵܣ 
˭ 
 
Ŷ簡 
ﲻȥĵطͷɡ 
ŲҪȽӣ 
ȥ˾ͻزˣԸ⿴Ϊѹ𣿡 
˭Ϊѹ 
Ĩ˰˵ɫ֪Ϊʲôܿɫİ¶ 
ȻǷŲ° 




 
;ôĿ۾ۡ 
òײӦ˹ߣŷ֮طӡ 
 
ȻţĶӦøоľʹʧ٣ֻоɴ̶ɵᱳʹǿ·ù˿ѾȬֻʣһۺɫĵ˰̣˵Ŀʺۼͬڹʧ١ 
ӣˣ 
Žʷ￴ڴϣϲ֮ɫ¶š 
˯ùͷˡ˵㰡õʲôҩ˿һ¾ͲҮ 
ôһ˵ϲʷͻȻˣӣΪ˯˶ðˣȬ͵ϣˣ 
£ 
ŵָͷȻԼȻ˯ 
أû̸ԵڼΨʷҪһȥ𾴵ˡе㵣ġ 
űöˡȻѹ˼򣬵Ȭˡջˣ缰ʱϵŴݵĵڳھֻڷǰˡʷੲݣ·ҪܾõĻһι˵塣 
أ 
ˡǹȥ޸֮ȻЩշ𣬴˵ڹһǵһοģ 
˵Ȼɫе㷢ࣺ硢书ġ 
ʹá 
࿴һۣ֮ɫռ䡣 
ӷӲʲôû 
Ǻǡ̸ˡȻ˸˯̫ˣͷˡ 
ߣ㵹Ǻã˯ź򣬿źǰʷ˵ţ߰еˮ͵ǰںˣ˾Լϴɣ 
Ȼһ£ȥȡëȴˮеӰԼʮָɾһͷҵͷѱ޼׵ϳ겻۹Ҳʧ٣¶˿ݣټһ׵ʮһҹӡ 
أҪʱָܻ˺üؤģǲص֩ҷп๸ɲһһϦİ 
ŵӰʷﲻŪιòԼ˰ɣ 
ġ۾ȻǵһΪʲôԼǰȴ˯ӵѰ 
ʷһ飺ȰʱҪȥš 
Ϊʲô 
ǸԥǷ˵ 
ôˣѵˣɣҪҪ̻һĪŮˣȻαɸؤ˳۲٣ǲҪ 
Ҳ˵Ȼ´Ҫȥˡ 
ι˵꣡ȵȰ 
Чʷֻó̾һȻǷɵıӰʮӷϣ㲻Ҫ̫ҡ 




סĵطһСéݣȻǹ԰ 
԰֮侹ǿ˻ϻѩ޻ 
ĨɫӰվڻ֮䣬ֻڷз˿ܰͣ·ȴʲô 
ӣ 
Ȼڹ谭˯ڼѵϢָˣǱʩչṦԾɫӰԱߡ 
ûĺվԭأһûи 
ƽԹ˵ȻܵͻĮͲˣӡӡﲻ˰ 
ǰͶת§οݣȴƽȫûһ˫ѩӡԶûκζĶ 
ȻеĻţӣ𣿡 
 
ҪҵǸ𣿡ƽյˣƺá 
 
֪Ҵ˺òã 
Ļƺɹ̵ķӦ 
˵Ŀת˹ڶȻ۾ûһ˲ڻļŭûȻ 
ף㲻ףԭǻŭ𣬱˱κʱҪŭ 
ӣҡ 
δȻһ䣬Ѿץǰ赹޻С 
ۡ׵ײʹȻеͷۻһ֮ͻȻѹϣۿȥȴŻǰıݡ 
·ֻصǸ죬ƿ 
𣿡 
̵Ϊɳƣ·ѹණ 
šȻʵصͷӦҪԶȴͷ뿪İ֮˵صıѡʣôҲˡ 
׾á 
㽻ӣͻȻԵȾ˶ɫ 
ӡҪʲô 
شģ·ݺ˺Ĳ 
ӣȵȰ 
ҲҪȣձͷŵޣһҧȻĲӣ۴ƤѪۡ 
ۡ۰ס֡ϵʹԼҪ˺Ե˰㡣 
ĵȴֹŰΪƬ̣Ȼ²壬鲼ҹϣִ·Ҫ鲻˻һһĿӲ鶼ץ 
ٲҪҧˣȻƿͬʯ㸲ϵˣȴΪҴ߶ھ˾Ȼͬȴ˫ü̧ƺµ˵Ĵɧ 
ȻڳһֻԻͳһɫӡ 
ӣȻԤС 
⡢ʲô 
ûлشͻȻݵ˫Ť󱳣ֽžͣü͵һһȦһһᣬȻҲ޷˫ٶƿ塣 
ڵϴݵ壬¶Цݣ˻ҵЦȻȴͻȻüΣա 
ⶫ 
ⲻץħôõ˰ 
ӵô᲻֪ȻĽ˿߰ȴޱȵĻƽ˿֯ɵӣԽԽӾͳƤɡ 
ϵƺֻʣ¿֮£Ҫ 
ͻȻͣƬ̣˵ײˡ 
ת̫죬ɵԴҲһת 
ؤ֮ʱΪС 
Ŷô 
ˡΣյЦ̿ȥֿ¡ 
ҡҪá㡣һһ䣬ͬԸ䡣 
ˡ¡һֱͷҰؼѾ໯ңͷŵҰҲûǿԣֻһһҪǿѾõ 
ݿζǿ͵ļ⣬һԵӡǡ 
ĴʹӶĸȻȵĴ̼ 
ϴεȻ̵ͬĶԵüΪֱ޳ִ³һսȻ˸о壬Ĵ࣬ȹأδܴκοУܵʹĥ 
Ȼܵˣ˫޷һ˫ǿСʼʩһͼ߿ʩѹˡ 
ϧһùǰãŽץסá 
㲻 
ĵΣյѩ׵ȥȷǳ 
ɢŵƲؽֻϥȻ˸ͬƣĲλʱ¶֮£εӳ˫аȵС 
ϵνӲˡ 
ԵĲλҪõй̽ϳֻӲȲʾԼĴڡͷų֮Ȼ˰׳ճҺ 
ǽʵβ̧δѨΪ¶ĿжŵĲţźźҲûԣӲͷ˽ȥ 
۰ 
ֻԵİҺ󻬸ѨխСĿ׶ͻȻֱؼ޴壬˺ѵľʹȻҽг 
ϧƫƫնȴʧȥǣ˲̵ҰޡʹխϵʺѪҺȫûס֣ȻǰƽȻֻ·¶ϵı˺룬Ȼʹ˻ƫƫƤС˶۶ѣ񽿵εεСӰ㡰ѽһֱӻԹȥӱʵ 
ӡ۵ĴȻ˿ֻ֪ͷʧص޸ӿ񱩣ֻİۡô𣿡ú۰ 
𣿡 
ĺ۰صͷգ۵۾ͼͬ顣 
ϧȻ˴ǴһͿһʱˡ 
ѹϵƽǸٰ̳ӣȷʵɶһͷ˿Ұ˵̵ֻŰ 
ǿ׳ı۰ͻȻ˴ӵ汧ѹȥδع֮ʣǸղֻһӲ˿̾Ȼ֧˽ȥ 
۰ĺбʲй֮޲ 
խСѨǿгſʺѪҺճѩ׵ʵʯ塣 
ס𣿡 
鴫ɳƵĴ 
ءɱ˰Ȼֻ˵ʹﻹõʻ 
屻ͻȻЩȻһǿû϶ȥϵ޷Ľ࣬ȻϲܿƵɶͬ˷赸 
ۡۡÿһγ·룬ʹҲÿεĽӱ 
𣿰ͷֻñԼһҰޱƷˡһ̱һ棬ֻδ̫Щ 
΢΢ıմʪ᳤˿ɢҶ°ʵѩϣ쳣ޡȻģŵɢĵ㣬ζͬҩʹղܡʹζõ滺建ɡĦĳһʱȻʹ˿Сĥÿή˵ĸ˿ڼҵĻײٴθգŽ̼͵ĸĦȶȡ 
˽壬ѹȻ͹иʱȣʱĦͬ޵İһ޷㡣ܵѰſеԴȪԷϿȥǿŤĥżʵĸ 
̵ŵĴϢԵü٣赸ҲԽԽҡ 
㡭šţŰ 
Ѹ͵ȻϢĽ࣬۷һ̣ȫԤͷųҺ塣 
ͬһ˲ڸеһɳȵĺӿݡ 
סˡ 
۵̾Ϣٴڶ 
ֻۣҸ㡣 
ֻÿһͷҡˣȻذϣʵ˰ɣ 
شģǻδ˳ڣٶȳſѨµĳ¶ȡ 
㣬ôҲ 
ܿɹس̿УǧѵһţȻڶļУϾȥϸƷζˡ 




β 
ĴĶڴ˯ʮְ 
ô޴ޣַ·Ϊ˶״ʡ 
һȭ 
֣˿ȭͷҲԥ˺ܾúܾá 
ѩ׵࣬ѿ 
Ͼľȫû޵Ĺ⻬ֲڣ⻬϶ȥ 
 
˫ֳɻĲϱ˱ȣҲǿ˺ܾúܾá 
ڻĲӡºۣ۰ 
оʹرĳλصʱ򣬶ǿ²Ҳпԭģ֮ģ˽֮ 
ǣⲢԭȫµǷԸһе˰ 
ϱĥļȦѪۣ࡭Ϊץ𣿣ô󣡣 
һֻеСеС飬еСƻСӶ 
˷ָǣ˾ȻİΡ𣿡Σǰ˴Ρ 
ƣƣˣ˾Ȼ̫˵һκ𣿡 
һΣһҪˣ 
ָ޵ش˴׵ա 
̫Σˣʵ̫Σˣ 
ԲҪɵһֻĺӰ 




ڶ磬׵ǿյûϤ¶ȡ 
ڷͷѹһ߰ͿīյֽƬ 
ֿνɷ裺 
㣬 
ԾԾԲˣ 
Ϊ 
 
һֻü۵Ĵӣò¶֪˭Ľ 
شͷֻֽɰĺһǡ 
ȵǣ˿֮Ļȡ 
ģ䶨ˡ 

















 




ǣ 
Ǹˣ̰˵Ĳޣżݹˣˣing 
ǲҪѹֵ̫áʱǺܿµġȻҲܿɰ 
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ԣҲżϲдܾȴһֱû±ʵԸǳģżõġҺܶ˶ȽϲŶ˹ȻǱȽܳ衭 
żĸƫɣһǣҪϲԼҪȺϲС 
ɷɿ죬ڴ˵ĹǵĻ͵live˼ˣֻñ̼ȥ԰֮󰡣żһ̵ʱڣȣֻλ˵ˣ 
ƹƹңשͷĳԴ 
ǣǣżʡżʡ 
ˣƪżϲд˵ݶΪ׷ܡλ˾Σϥò 
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